6/4/25, 9:40 AM Psychopathology
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY NEWEST EXAM 2025-2026 \LATEST
UPDATE WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ACCURATE
DETAILED ANSWERS \ACTUAL EXAM WITH VERIFIED
ANSWERS \GRADED A+
4 D's of abnormal psychology Deviance (afwijkend) Distress Dysfunction Danger (to oneself or
others)
According to Jerome sufferer + healer + series of contact
Frank, all forms of
therapy have three
essential features:
Ancient views on abnormality dangereous, trephination
stone instrument was used to
cut away a circular section of
trephination
the skull.
Greek/Roman view on humors (fluids): yellow bile, black bile, blood and phlegm.
abnormality
Demonology returns;
Middle age
mass madness: large number of people share absurd
(European) view on
false beliefs and imagined sights or sounds
abnormality
rise of asylums: institutions whose primary purpose was
Renaissance and abnormality
to care for people with mental illness.
reform and moral treatment-> moral guidance and
19th century view on
abnormality humane and respesctful techniques, development of
state hospitals
apathy abnormal behavior cannot be cured
somatogenic and psychogenic perspectives
Early 20th century view on somatogenic: physical causes psychogenic:
abnormality
psychological causes. Freud's psychoanalysis: many
forms of abnormal and normal psychological
functioning are psychogenic.
somatogenic perspective abnormality has physical causes
psychogenic perspective abnormality has psychological causes
/ 1/29
,6/4/25, 9:40 AM Psychopathology
drugs that primarily affect the brain and reduce many
Psychotropic medications
symptoms of mental dysfunctioning
Antianxiety (minor tranquilizers)
groups of psychotropic
medications Antidepressant Antibipolar (mood stabilizers) Antipsychotic
Psychotropic
Biological treatments medications
Electroconvulsiv
e therapy
Psycho-
/neurosurgery
Oral Anal Phallic Latency Genital
Freud's developmental stages If adjustments to new stages are unsuccessful, if
someone becomes fixated, then they become stuck at
that stage.
3-5 years
Phallic stage fixation on genitalia, masturbation
Electra/Oedipus complex (Superego in development)
5-12 years
Latent stage
little/no sexual motivation present
Genital stage 12+ years, sexual intercourse
psychodynamic treatment technique; reliving of past
Catharsis
repressed feelings in order to settle internal conflicts
and overcome problems
Defense mechanism, Showing behavior that is in
Reaction formation
contrast with real impulses to suppress real impulses.
Sublimination Defense mechanis # Bending primitive impulses in positive,
constructive actions.
psychodynamic treatment Free association, Therapist interpretation, Catharsis, Working
techniques through
Cognitive therapy helps people recognize and change their faulty thinking processes
ABC Model (Cognitive A: Activating events -> B: Beliefs -> C: Consequences
model)
Focus on broader dimensions of human existence -
beyond psychological conflicts, learned behaviors or
Humanistic-existential model
cognitions. Humanists are driven to self-actualize.
Existentials: human beings must have an accurate
awareness of themselves and live meaningful lives in
order to be psychologically well adjusted.
/ 2/29
, 6/4/25, 9:40 AM Psychopathology
self-actualization fulfill human potential for goodness/growth, accept weaknesses
and strengths
Therapy Humanistic-existential Client-centered therapy Gestalt therapy Existential therapy
model
dysfunction begins at infancy. We need to receive
positive regard from important people in our lives (our
Roger's humanistic theory parents). Those who receive unconditional (non-
judgemental) positive regard early in life are likely to
develop unconditional self- regard. Therapists must
display unconditional positive regard, empathy, and
genuineness.
idiographic information about the individual, must be focus of clinical psychologist
(clinical assessment)
Three categories of clinical clinical interviews, tests, and observations
assessment techniques
consistency of assessment measure. An assessment tool
Reliability
has high test-retest reliability and a high interrator
reliability
must accurately measure what is is supposed to measure.
There are different types of validity: face validity (seems
Validity
valid upon first sight), predictive validity (ability to
predict future characteristics or behaviour), concurrent
validity (degree to which the measures gathered from
one tool agree with the measure from other tools).
clients interpret vague stimuli (Rorschach test, Thematic
Projective tests
Apperception Test, sentence completion tests,
drawings). Often lack validity and are biase
asks respondents a wide range of questions about
their behaviour, beliefs, and feelings. Most widely
Personality inventory
used: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
(MMPI/MMPI-2). Cultural limitations - Higher validity
than projective tests, but not considered highly valid.
Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt people redraw pictures from cards, test may reflect organic brain
test impairment.
a steady decline in accuracy as a result of fatigue
Observer drift
or of a gradual unintentional change in standards
/ 3/29
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY NEWEST EXAM 2025-2026 \LATEST
UPDATE WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ACCURATE
DETAILED ANSWERS \ACTUAL EXAM WITH VERIFIED
ANSWERS \GRADED A+
4 D's of abnormal psychology Deviance (afwijkend) Distress Dysfunction Danger (to oneself or
others)
According to Jerome sufferer + healer + series of contact
Frank, all forms of
therapy have three
essential features:
Ancient views on abnormality dangereous, trephination
stone instrument was used to
cut away a circular section of
trephination
the skull.
Greek/Roman view on humors (fluids): yellow bile, black bile, blood and phlegm.
abnormality
Demonology returns;
Middle age
mass madness: large number of people share absurd
(European) view on
false beliefs and imagined sights or sounds
abnormality
rise of asylums: institutions whose primary purpose was
Renaissance and abnormality
to care for people with mental illness.
reform and moral treatment-> moral guidance and
19th century view on
abnormality humane and respesctful techniques, development of
state hospitals
apathy abnormal behavior cannot be cured
somatogenic and psychogenic perspectives
Early 20th century view on somatogenic: physical causes psychogenic:
abnormality
psychological causes. Freud's psychoanalysis: many
forms of abnormal and normal psychological
functioning are psychogenic.
somatogenic perspective abnormality has physical causes
psychogenic perspective abnormality has psychological causes
/ 1/29
,6/4/25, 9:40 AM Psychopathology
drugs that primarily affect the brain and reduce many
Psychotropic medications
symptoms of mental dysfunctioning
Antianxiety (minor tranquilizers)
groups of psychotropic
medications Antidepressant Antibipolar (mood stabilizers) Antipsychotic
Psychotropic
Biological treatments medications
Electroconvulsiv
e therapy
Psycho-
/neurosurgery
Oral Anal Phallic Latency Genital
Freud's developmental stages If adjustments to new stages are unsuccessful, if
someone becomes fixated, then they become stuck at
that stage.
3-5 years
Phallic stage fixation on genitalia, masturbation
Electra/Oedipus complex (Superego in development)
5-12 years
Latent stage
little/no sexual motivation present
Genital stage 12+ years, sexual intercourse
psychodynamic treatment technique; reliving of past
Catharsis
repressed feelings in order to settle internal conflicts
and overcome problems
Defense mechanism, Showing behavior that is in
Reaction formation
contrast with real impulses to suppress real impulses.
Sublimination Defense mechanis # Bending primitive impulses in positive,
constructive actions.
psychodynamic treatment Free association, Therapist interpretation, Catharsis, Working
techniques through
Cognitive therapy helps people recognize and change their faulty thinking processes
ABC Model (Cognitive A: Activating events -> B: Beliefs -> C: Consequences
model)
Focus on broader dimensions of human existence -
beyond psychological conflicts, learned behaviors or
Humanistic-existential model
cognitions. Humanists are driven to self-actualize.
Existentials: human beings must have an accurate
awareness of themselves and live meaningful lives in
order to be psychologically well adjusted.
/ 2/29
, 6/4/25, 9:40 AM Psychopathology
self-actualization fulfill human potential for goodness/growth, accept weaknesses
and strengths
Therapy Humanistic-existential Client-centered therapy Gestalt therapy Existential therapy
model
dysfunction begins at infancy. We need to receive
positive regard from important people in our lives (our
Roger's humanistic theory parents). Those who receive unconditional (non-
judgemental) positive regard early in life are likely to
develop unconditional self- regard. Therapists must
display unconditional positive regard, empathy, and
genuineness.
idiographic information about the individual, must be focus of clinical psychologist
(clinical assessment)
Three categories of clinical clinical interviews, tests, and observations
assessment techniques
consistency of assessment measure. An assessment tool
Reliability
has high test-retest reliability and a high interrator
reliability
must accurately measure what is is supposed to measure.
There are different types of validity: face validity (seems
Validity
valid upon first sight), predictive validity (ability to
predict future characteristics or behaviour), concurrent
validity (degree to which the measures gathered from
one tool agree with the measure from other tools).
clients interpret vague stimuli (Rorschach test, Thematic
Projective tests
Apperception Test, sentence completion tests,
drawings). Often lack validity and are biase
asks respondents a wide range of questions about
their behaviour, beliefs, and feelings. Most widely
Personality inventory
used: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
(MMPI/MMPI-2). Cultural limitations - Higher validity
than projective tests, but not considered highly valid.
Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt people redraw pictures from cards, test may reflect organic brain
test impairment.
a steady decline in accuracy as a result of fatigue
Observer drift
or of a gradual unintentional change in standards
/ 3/29
