Osteoporosis, Menopause & Testosterone – Comprehensive Nursing Study Guide with High-Yield Notes
and NCLEX-Focused Rationales – 2025 UPDATED
medical condition that causes bones to become weak and fragile:
osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is most common in:
postmenopausal women
Common locations for fractures:
spine: vertebrae
Hip: proximal femur
Wrist: distal forearm
Most devastating fractures:
Hip fractures
Risk factors for osteoporosis:
advanced age
ethnicity: caucasian and asian are at increased risk
family history
sex: females more than males
low body weight
medical conditions: diabetes, eating disorders, GI disease, hyperthyroidism, menopause, RA, autoimmune
disease, HIV/AIDs, Parkinson’s disease
Lifestyle factors: smoking, excessive alcohol intake, low calcium intake, low vitamin D intake, physical
inactivity
Medications that can lower the BMD:
antiseizure medications
aromatase inhibitors
depo-provera shot
GnRH agonists
PPIs
Lithium
steroids > 5mg daily of prednisone or prednisone equivalent for > 3 months
thyroid hormones
, loop diuretics
SSRIs
TZDs
Tenofovir
Diagnosis of osteoporosis:
DEXA or DXA scan
Normal T score:
> -1
Osteopenia:
-1 to -2.4
Osteoporosis:
< -2.5
Cells that form bones:
osteoblasts
Cells that breakdown bone:
Osteoclasts
A computer algorithm developed by WHO that estimates the risk of osteoporotic fracture in the next 10 days:
Frax tool
Life style measures to help prevent falls:
weight bearing exercises: walking, jogging
muscle strength exercises: weight training , yoga
How much vitamin D should be taken in adults >50 years old?
20-25 mcg (800-1000 IU) of vitamin D daily
How much calcium is needed per day for adults?
1000-1200 mg per day : do not exceed 500-600 mg of elemental calcium per dose
Types of calcium supplementation:
calcium carbonate ( 40% elemental iron): do not use with PPIs
calcium citrate ((21% elemental iron)
Side effects of calcium supplementation medications:
constipation
and NCLEX-Focused Rationales – 2025 UPDATED
medical condition that causes bones to become weak and fragile:
osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is most common in:
postmenopausal women
Common locations for fractures:
spine: vertebrae
Hip: proximal femur
Wrist: distal forearm
Most devastating fractures:
Hip fractures
Risk factors for osteoporosis:
advanced age
ethnicity: caucasian and asian are at increased risk
family history
sex: females more than males
low body weight
medical conditions: diabetes, eating disorders, GI disease, hyperthyroidism, menopause, RA, autoimmune
disease, HIV/AIDs, Parkinson’s disease
Lifestyle factors: smoking, excessive alcohol intake, low calcium intake, low vitamin D intake, physical
inactivity
Medications that can lower the BMD:
antiseizure medications
aromatase inhibitors
depo-provera shot
GnRH agonists
PPIs
Lithium
steroids > 5mg daily of prednisone or prednisone equivalent for > 3 months
thyroid hormones
, loop diuretics
SSRIs
TZDs
Tenofovir
Diagnosis of osteoporosis:
DEXA or DXA scan
Normal T score:
> -1
Osteopenia:
-1 to -2.4
Osteoporosis:
< -2.5
Cells that form bones:
osteoblasts
Cells that breakdown bone:
Osteoclasts
A computer algorithm developed by WHO that estimates the risk of osteoporotic fracture in the next 10 days:
Frax tool
Life style measures to help prevent falls:
weight bearing exercises: walking, jogging
muscle strength exercises: weight training , yoga
How much vitamin D should be taken in adults >50 years old?
20-25 mcg (800-1000 IU) of vitamin D daily
How much calcium is needed per day for adults?
1000-1200 mg per day : do not exceed 500-600 mg of elemental calcium per dose
Types of calcium supplementation:
calcium carbonate ( 40% elemental iron): do not use with PPIs
calcium citrate ((21% elemental iron)
Side effects of calcium supplementation medications:
constipation
