OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT: LEARNERS AND LEARNING SCIENCE STUDY
GUIDE 2025 VERIFIED AND ACCURATE
acquisition - ANS-learning new information by actively paying attention and engaging with the material
consolidation - ANS-organizing and reinforcing new information by connecting it to what you already
know and practicing it to better remember it
short-term memory (STM) - ANS-a mental space that temporarily holds a small amount of information
for a short time, usually a few seconds to a minute
long-term memory (LTM) - ANS-the storage of information for a long time, including knowledge, skills,
and experiences
sensorimotor stage - ANS-infants (0-2 years old) explore through senses and actions, developing an
understanding of object permanence and laying cognitive foundations
object permanence - ANS-the understanding that something still exists even though it cannot be seen or
heard
trust v. mistrust stage - ANS-infants learn to rely on caregivers for their basic needs, fostering trust while
inconsistency in meeting these needs can lead to mistrust, suspicion, and anxiety about their
environment
autonomy v. shame/doubt stage - ANS-the shame and doubt stage involves a child's journey toward
independence and decision-making
sensory exploration - ANS-involves activities that engage the senses—touch, sight, hearing, smell, and
taste—helping children explore and understand the world around them
, fine motor skills - ANS-fine motor skills involve tiny muscles working with the brain and nervous system
to control movements in areas like the hands, fingers, lips, tongue, and eyes
initiative v. guilt stage - ANS-children between ages 3 and 6 display increased assertiveness by taking the
lead in play and engaging in social interactions more actively
preoperational stage - ANS-children between the ages of 2 and 7 years old think symbolically, using
symbols to represent words, objects, images, individuals, and concepts, enabling the capacity to mimic
behavior through imitation
egocentric - ANS-demonstrating a cognitive inclination where individuals find it challenging to
acknowledge perspectives beyond their own
scaffolding - ANS-when the teacher breaks down complex concepts into small, more manageable steps
helping children along the way
conservation - ANS-understanding that certain physical attributes of objects—such as quantity, mass,
volume, and number—remain constant even when their appearance or arrangement changes
industry v. inferiority stage - ANS-children between the ages 5 and 12 develop a growing sense of
competence and accomplishment as they develop a greater understanding of their capabilities and
limitations
concrete operational stage - ANS-in children between ages 7 and 11, thinking becomes more logical,
organized, and systematic
reversibility - ANS-to mentally undo actions or operations; allows individuals to understand that certain
processes can be reversed to return to their original sta
classification - ANS-to categorize objects, events, or concepts based on common attributes or
characteristics, enabling children to organize and make sense of their environment
GUIDE 2025 VERIFIED AND ACCURATE
acquisition - ANS-learning new information by actively paying attention and engaging with the material
consolidation - ANS-organizing and reinforcing new information by connecting it to what you already
know and practicing it to better remember it
short-term memory (STM) - ANS-a mental space that temporarily holds a small amount of information
for a short time, usually a few seconds to a minute
long-term memory (LTM) - ANS-the storage of information for a long time, including knowledge, skills,
and experiences
sensorimotor stage - ANS-infants (0-2 years old) explore through senses and actions, developing an
understanding of object permanence and laying cognitive foundations
object permanence - ANS-the understanding that something still exists even though it cannot be seen or
heard
trust v. mistrust stage - ANS-infants learn to rely on caregivers for their basic needs, fostering trust while
inconsistency in meeting these needs can lead to mistrust, suspicion, and anxiety about their
environment
autonomy v. shame/doubt stage - ANS-the shame and doubt stage involves a child's journey toward
independence and decision-making
sensory exploration - ANS-involves activities that engage the senses—touch, sight, hearing, smell, and
taste—helping children explore and understand the world around them
, fine motor skills - ANS-fine motor skills involve tiny muscles working with the brain and nervous system
to control movements in areas like the hands, fingers, lips, tongue, and eyes
initiative v. guilt stage - ANS-children between ages 3 and 6 display increased assertiveness by taking the
lead in play and engaging in social interactions more actively
preoperational stage - ANS-children between the ages of 2 and 7 years old think symbolically, using
symbols to represent words, objects, images, individuals, and concepts, enabling the capacity to mimic
behavior through imitation
egocentric - ANS-demonstrating a cognitive inclination where individuals find it challenging to
acknowledge perspectives beyond their own
scaffolding - ANS-when the teacher breaks down complex concepts into small, more manageable steps
helping children along the way
conservation - ANS-understanding that certain physical attributes of objects—such as quantity, mass,
volume, and number—remain constant even when their appearance or arrangement changes
industry v. inferiority stage - ANS-children between the ages 5 and 12 develop a growing sense of
competence and accomplishment as they develop a greater understanding of their capabilities and
limitations
concrete operational stage - ANS-in children between ages 7 and 11, thinking becomes more logical,
organized, and systematic
reversibility - ANS-to mentally undo actions or operations; allows individuals to understand that certain
processes can be reversed to return to their original sta
classification - ANS-to categorize objects, events, or concepts based on common attributes or
characteristics, enabling children to organize and make sense of their environment
