COMPLETE TEST BANK FOR
UNDERSTANDING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 7TH EDITION
BY HUETHER, MCCANCE.
ALL CHAPTERS COVERED 1-44 WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
,TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1. CELLULAR BIOLOGY ................................................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER 2. GENES AND GENETIC DISEASES............................................................................................... 29
CHAPTER 3. EPIGENETICS AND DISEASE ..................................................................................................... 55
CHAPTER 4. ALTERED CELLULAR AND TISSUE BIOLOGY ............................................................................. 60
CHAPTER 5. FLUIDS AND ELECTROLYTES, ACIDS AND BASES ..................................................................... 88
CHAPTER 6. INNATE IMMUNITY: INFLAMMATION AND WOUND HEALING............................................. 119
CHAPTER 7. ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY............................................................................................................ 145
CHAPTER 8. ALTERATIONS IN IMMUNITY ................................................................................................. 170
CHAPTER 9. INFECTION AND DEFECTS IN MECHANISMS OF DEFENSE..................................................... 176
CHAPTER 10. STRESS AND DISEASE........................................................................................................... 206
CHAPTER 11. BIOLOGY OF CANCER .......................................................................................................... 220
CHAPTER 12. CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY ..................................................................................................... 236
CHAPTER 13. CANCER IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS ......................................................................... 250
CHAPTER 14. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE NEUROLOGIC SYSTEM .............................................. 258
CHAPTER 15. PAIN, TEMPERATURE, SLEEP, AND SENSORY FUNCTION .................................................... 292
CHAPTER 16. ALTERATIONS IN COGNITIVE SYSTEMS, CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, AND MOTOR
FUNCTION ................................................................................................................................................. 326
CHAPTER 17. DISORDERS OF THE CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS AND
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION .................................................................................................................. 359
CHAPTER 18. ALTERATIONS OF NEUROLOGIC FUNCTION IN CHILDREN .................................................. 397
CHAPTER 19. MECHANISMS OF HORMONAL REGULATION ..................................................................... 422
CHAPTER 20. ALTERATIONS OF HORMONAL REGULATION ...................................................................... 445
CHAPTER 21. OBESITY AND DISORDERS OF NUTRITION ........................................................................... 482
CHAPTER 22. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE HEMATOLOGIC SYSTEM ........................................... 487
CHAPTER 23. ALTERATIONS OF HEMATOLOGIC FUNCTION ..................................................................... 512
CHAPTER 24. ALTERATIONS OF HEMATOLOGIC FUNCTION IN CHILDREN ............................................... 556
CHAPTER 25. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS ........ 585
CHAPTER 26. ALTERATIONS OF CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION ................................................................ 614
CHAPTER 27. ALTERATIONS OF CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION IN CHILDREN .......................................... 643
CHAPTER 28. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE PULMONARY SYSTEM .............................................. 665
CHAPTER 29. ALTERATIONS OF PULMONARY FUNCTION ........................................................................ 693
CHAPTER 30. ALTERATIONS OF PULMONARY FUNCTION IN CHILDREN ................................................... 730
,CHAPTER 31. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE RENAL AND UROLOGIC SYSTEMS ............................. 754
CHAPTER 32. ALTERATIONS OF RENAL AND URINARY TRACT FUNCTION ................................................ 780
CHAPTER 33. ALTERATIONS OF RENAL AND URINARY TRACT FUNCTION IN CHILDREN .......................... 809
CHAPTER 34. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS......................................... 827
CHAPTER 35. ALTERATIONS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.................................................... 857
CHAPTER 36. ALTERATIONS OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ....................................................... 878
CHAPTER 37. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ................................................... 893
CHAPTER 38. ALTERATIONS OF DIGESTIVE FUNCTION ............................................................................. 918
CHAPTER 39. ALTERATIONS OF DIGESTIVE FUNCTION IN CHILDREN ....................................................... 953
CHAPTER 40. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM ................................... 982
CHAPTER 41. ALTERATIONS OF MUSCULOSKELETAL FUNCTION............................................................ 1009
CHAPTER 42. ALTERATIONS OF MUSCULOSKELETAL FUNCTION IN CHILDREN ...................................... 1042
CHAPTER 43. STRUCTURE, FUNCTION, AND DISORDERS OF THE INTEGUMENT.................................... 1061
CHAPTER 44. ALTERATIONS OF THE INTEGUMENT IN CHILDREN .......................................................... 1083
,CHAPTER 1. CELLULAR BIOLOGY
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. A STUDENT IS OBSERVING A CELL UNDER THE MICROSCOPE. IT IS OBSERVED TO HAVE
SUPERCOILED DNA WITH HISTONES. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING WOULD ALSO BE OBSERVED BY
THE STUDENT?
A. A SINGLE CIRCULAR CHROMOSOME
B. A NUCLEUS
C. FREE-FLOATING NUCLEAR MATERIAL
D. NO ORGANELLES
ANSWER: B
THE CELL DESCRIBED IS A EUKARYOTIC CELL, SO IT HAS HISTONES AND A SUPERCOILED DNA WITHIN
ITS NUCLEUS; THUS, THE NUCLEUS SHOULD BE OBSERVED.
A SINGLE CIRCULAR CHROMOSOME IS CHARACTERISTIC OF PROKARYOTIC CELLS, WHICH DO NOT
HAVE HISTONES.
FREE-FLOATING NUCLEAR MATERIAL DESCRIBES A PROKARYOTIC CELL, WHICH WOULD NOT HAVE A
DISTINCT NUCLEUS.
EUKARYOTIC CELLS HAVE MEMBRANE BOUNDED CELLULAR COMPONENTS CALLED ORGANELLES. NO
ORGANELLES DESCRIBES A PROKARYOTIC CELL.
2. A NURSE IS INSTRUCTING THE STAFF ABOUT CELLULAR FUNCTIONS. WHICH CELLULAR
FUNCTION IS THE NURSE DESCRIBING WHEN AN ISOLATED CELL ABSORBS OXYGEN AND USES IT
TO TRANSFORM NUTRIENTS TO ENERGY?
A. METABOLIC ABSORPTION
,B. COMMUNICATION
C. SECRETION
D. RESPIRATION
ANSWER: D
THE ABILITY OF THE CELL TO ABSORB OXYGEN REFERS TO THE CELLS FUNCTION OF RESPIRATION.
THE ABILITY OF THE CELL TO FUNCTION WITHIN A SOCIETY OF CELLS REFERS TO ITS FUNCTION OF
COMMUNICATION.
THE ABILITY OF THE CELL TO TAKE IN NUTRIENTS REFERS TO THE CELLS FUNCTION OF METABOLIC
ABSORPTION.
THE ABILITY OF THE CELL TO SYNTHESIZE NEW SUBSTANCES AND SECRETE THESE ELSEWHERE REFERS
TO THE CELLS FUNCTION OF SECRETION.
3. A EUKARYOTIC CELL IS UNDERGOING DNA REPLICATION. IN WHICH REGION OF THE CELL
WOULD MOST OF THE GENETIC INFORMATION BE CONTAINED?
A. MITOCHONDRIA
B. RIBOSOME
C. NUCLEOLUS
D. NUCLEUS
ANSWER: C
THE REGION OF THE CELL THAT CONTAINS GENETIC MATERIAL, INCLUDING A LARGE AMOUNT OF
RIBONUCLEIC ACID, MOST OF THE DNA, AND DNA-BINDING PROTEINS, IS THE NUCLEOLUS.
THE MITOCHONDRIA IS THE SITE OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION.
,THE RIBOSOMES ARE INVOLVED IN MANUFACTURING OF PROTEINS WITHIN THE CELL.
THE NUCLEUS CONTAINS THE NUCLEOLUS, AND IT IS THE NUCLEOLUS THAT CONTAINS GENETIC
MATERIAL.
4. THE FLUID MOSAIC MODEL FOR BIOLOGIC MEMBRANES DESCRIBES MEMBRANE BEHAVIOR.
ACCORDING TO THIS MODEL, WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING FLOAT SINGLY OR AS AGGREGATES IN
THE FLUID LIPID BILAYER?
A. PERIPHERAL MEMBRANE PROTEINS
B. INTEGRAL MEMBRANE PROTEINS
C. GLYCOPROTEINS
D. CELL ADHESION MOLECULES
ANSWER: B
INTEGRAL MEMBRANE PROTEINS FLOAT FREELY IN THE FLUID LIPID BILAYER.
PERIPHERAL MEMBRANE PROTEINS ARE NOT EMBEDDED IN THE LAYER, BUT RESIDE AT THE SURFACE.
GLYCOPROTEINS ACT AS CELL SURFACE MARKERS.
CELL ADHESION MOLECULES ARE ON THE OUTSIDE OF THE MEMBRANE AND ALLOW CELLS TO HOOK
TOGETHER.
5. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING CAN BIND TO PLASMA MEMBRANE RECEPTORS?
A. OXYGEN
B. RIBOSOMES
C. AMPHIPATHIC LIPIDS
D. LIGANDS
,ANSWER: D
LIGANDS ARE SPECIFIC MOLECULES THAT CAN BIND WITH RECEPTORS ON THE CELL MEMBRANE.
OXYGEN MOVES BY DIFFUSION; IT DOES NOT BIND TO RECEPTORS.
RIBOSOMES MAKE PROTEINS AND ARE NOT INVOLVED IN BINDING. AMPHIPATHIC LIPIDS ARE A
PORTION OF THE CELL MEMBRANE.
6. A NURSE IS REVIEWING A REPORT FROM A PATIENT WITH METASTATIC CANCER. WHAT FINDING
WOULD SUPPORT THE DIAGNOSIS OF METASTATIC CANCER? ALTERATIONS IN EXTRACELLULAR
MATRIX THAT INCLUDE:
A. DECREASED FIBRONECTIN
B. INCREASED COLLAGEN
C. DECREASED ELASTIN
D. INCREASED GLYCOPROTEINS
ANSWER: A
REDUCED AMOUNTS OF FIBRONECTIN ARE FOUND IN SOME TYPES OF CANCEROUS CELLS, ALLOWING
CANCER CELLS TO TRAVEL, OR METASTASIZE.
COLLAGEN PROVIDES STRENGTH, AND ITS BREAKDOWN IS ASSOCIATED WITH OSTEOARTHRITIS, NOT
CANCER.
ELASTIN IS FOUND IN THE LUNGS AND ALLOWS TISSUES TO STRETCH; IT IS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH
CANCEROUS CELLS.
DECREASED, NOT INCREASED, GLYCOPROTEINS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH CANCEROUS CELLS.
, 7. WHICH FORM OF CELL COMMUNICATION IS USED TO RELATE TO OTHER CELLS IN DIRECT
PHYSICAL CONTACT?
A. CELL JUNCTION
B. GAP JUNCTION
C. DESMOSOMES
D. TIGHT JUNCTIONS
ANSWER: A
CELL JUNCTIONS HOLD CELLS TOGETHER AND PERMIT MOLECULES TO PASS FROM CELL TO CELL.
GAP JUNCTIONS ALLOW COMMUNICATION FROM THE INSIDE OF ONE CELL TO THE INSIDE OF
ANOTHER. DESMOSOMES ARE NOT INVOLVED IN COMMUNICATION, BUT ALLOW CELLS TO HOLD
TOGETHER.
TIGHT JUNCTIONS ARE BARRIERS THAT PREVENT MOVEMENT OF SOME SUBSTANCES AND LEAKAGES
OF OTHERS.
8. PANCREATIC BETA CELLS SECRETE INSULIN, WHICH INHIBITS SECRETION OF GLUCAGON FROM
NEIGHBORING ALPHA CELLS. THIS ACTION IS AN EXAMPLE OF WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING
SIGNALING TYPES?
A. PARACRINE
B. AUTOCRINE
C. NEUROHORMONAL
D. HORMONAL
,ANSWER: A
PARACRINE SIGNALING INVOLVES THE RELEASE OF LOCAL CHEMICAL MEDIATORS THAT ARE QUICKLY
TAKEN UP, DESTROYED, OR IMMOBILIZED, AS IN THE CASE OF INSULIN AND THE INHIBITION OF THE
SECRETION OF GLUCAGON.
WHEN CELLS PRODUCE SIGNALS THAT THEY THEMSELVES RESPOND TO, AUTOCRINE SIGNALING IS
USED.
NEUROHORMONAL SIGNALING INVOLVES SECRETION OF HORMONES INTO THE BLOODSTREAM BY
NEUROSECRETORY HORMONES.
HORMONAL SIGNALING INVOLVES SPECIALIZED ENDOCRINE CELLS THAT SECRETE HORMONE
CHEMICALS RELEASED BY ONE SET OF CELLS THAT TRAVEL THROUGH THE TISSUE THROUGH THE
BLOODSTREAM TO PRODUCE A RESPONSE IN OTHER SETS OF CELLS.
9. IN CELLULAR METABOLISM, EACH ENZYME HAS A HIGH AFFINITY FOR A:
A. SOLUTE
B. SUBSTRATE
C. RECEPTOR
D. RIBOSOME
ANSWER: B
EACH ENZYME HAS A HIGH AFFINITY FOR A SUBSTRATE, A SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE CONVERTED TO A
PRODUCT OF THE
SOLUTES ARE SMALL PARTICLES THAT PASS THROUGH THE CELL MEMBRANE.
A RECEPTOR IS A SITE ON THE CELL WALL THAT ALLOWS TRANSPORT INTO THE CELL.
RIBOSOMES ARE LOCATED INSIDE THE CELL AND ARE NOT RELATED TO THE WORK OF ENZYMES.
10. AN ATHLETE RUNS A MARATHON, AFTER WHICH HIS MUSCLES FEEL FATIGUED AND UNABLE TO
CONTRACT.
THE ATHLETE ASKS THE NURSE WHY THIS HAPPENED. HOW SHOULD THE NURSE RESPOND? A
DEFICIENCY IN CAN CAUSE IMPAIRED MUSCLE CONTRACTION.
, A. GTP
B. AMP
C. ATP
D. GMP
ANSWER: C
THE CELL USES ATP FOR MUSCLE CONTRACTION. WHEN IT IS DEFICIENT, IMPAIRED MUSCLE
CONTRACTION RESULTS.
GTP IS INVOLVED IN CELL SIGNALING, NOT MUSCLE CONTRACTION. AMP IS NOT INVOLVED IN MUSCLE
CONTRACTION. GMP IS NOT INVOLVED IN MUSCLE CONTRACTION.
11. WHICH PHASE OF CATABOLISM PRODUCES THE MOST ATP?
A. DIGESTION
B. GLYCOLYSIS
C. OXIDATION
D. CITRIC ACID CYCLE
ANSWER: D
MOST OF THE ATP IS GENERATED DURING THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE.
LARGER MOLECULES ARE BROKEN DOWN INTO SMALLER UNITS DURING DIGESTION; NO ATP IS
PRODUCED DURING THIS CYCLE.
DURING GLYCOLYSIS, TWO MOLECULES OF ATP ARE PRODUCED FROM EACH GLUCOSE MOLECULE,
BUT THE MOST ATP IS PRODUCED DURING THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE.
OXIDATION IS PART OF THE GLYCOLYSIS PROCESS AND ATP IS PRODUCED, BUT MORE ATP IS
PRODUCED DURING THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE.
UNDERSTANDING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 7TH EDITION
BY HUETHER, MCCANCE.
ALL CHAPTERS COVERED 1-44 WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
,TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1. CELLULAR BIOLOGY ................................................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER 2. GENES AND GENETIC DISEASES............................................................................................... 29
CHAPTER 3. EPIGENETICS AND DISEASE ..................................................................................................... 55
CHAPTER 4. ALTERED CELLULAR AND TISSUE BIOLOGY ............................................................................. 60
CHAPTER 5. FLUIDS AND ELECTROLYTES, ACIDS AND BASES ..................................................................... 88
CHAPTER 6. INNATE IMMUNITY: INFLAMMATION AND WOUND HEALING............................................. 119
CHAPTER 7. ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY............................................................................................................ 145
CHAPTER 8. ALTERATIONS IN IMMUNITY ................................................................................................. 170
CHAPTER 9. INFECTION AND DEFECTS IN MECHANISMS OF DEFENSE..................................................... 176
CHAPTER 10. STRESS AND DISEASE........................................................................................................... 206
CHAPTER 11. BIOLOGY OF CANCER .......................................................................................................... 220
CHAPTER 12. CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY ..................................................................................................... 236
CHAPTER 13. CANCER IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS ......................................................................... 250
CHAPTER 14. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE NEUROLOGIC SYSTEM .............................................. 258
CHAPTER 15. PAIN, TEMPERATURE, SLEEP, AND SENSORY FUNCTION .................................................... 292
CHAPTER 16. ALTERATIONS IN COGNITIVE SYSTEMS, CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, AND MOTOR
FUNCTION ................................................................................................................................................. 326
CHAPTER 17. DISORDERS OF THE CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS AND
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION .................................................................................................................. 359
CHAPTER 18. ALTERATIONS OF NEUROLOGIC FUNCTION IN CHILDREN .................................................. 397
CHAPTER 19. MECHANISMS OF HORMONAL REGULATION ..................................................................... 422
CHAPTER 20. ALTERATIONS OF HORMONAL REGULATION ...................................................................... 445
CHAPTER 21. OBESITY AND DISORDERS OF NUTRITION ........................................................................... 482
CHAPTER 22. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE HEMATOLOGIC SYSTEM ........................................... 487
CHAPTER 23. ALTERATIONS OF HEMATOLOGIC FUNCTION ..................................................................... 512
CHAPTER 24. ALTERATIONS OF HEMATOLOGIC FUNCTION IN CHILDREN ............................................... 556
CHAPTER 25. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS ........ 585
CHAPTER 26. ALTERATIONS OF CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION ................................................................ 614
CHAPTER 27. ALTERATIONS OF CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION IN CHILDREN .......................................... 643
CHAPTER 28. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE PULMONARY SYSTEM .............................................. 665
CHAPTER 29. ALTERATIONS OF PULMONARY FUNCTION ........................................................................ 693
CHAPTER 30. ALTERATIONS OF PULMONARY FUNCTION IN CHILDREN ................................................... 730
,CHAPTER 31. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE RENAL AND UROLOGIC SYSTEMS ............................. 754
CHAPTER 32. ALTERATIONS OF RENAL AND URINARY TRACT FUNCTION ................................................ 780
CHAPTER 33. ALTERATIONS OF RENAL AND URINARY TRACT FUNCTION IN CHILDREN .......................... 809
CHAPTER 34. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS......................................... 827
CHAPTER 35. ALTERATIONS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.................................................... 857
CHAPTER 36. ALTERATIONS OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ....................................................... 878
CHAPTER 37. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ................................................... 893
CHAPTER 38. ALTERATIONS OF DIGESTIVE FUNCTION ............................................................................. 918
CHAPTER 39. ALTERATIONS OF DIGESTIVE FUNCTION IN CHILDREN ....................................................... 953
CHAPTER 40. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM ................................... 982
CHAPTER 41. ALTERATIONS OF MUSCULOSKELETAL FUNCTION............................................................ 1009
CHAPTER 42. ALTERATIONS OF MUSCULOSKELETAL FUNCTION IN CHILDREN ...................................... 1042
CHAPTER 43. STRUCTURE, FUNCTION, AND DISORDERS OF THE INTEGUMENT.................................... 1061
CHAPTER 44. ALTERATIONS OF THE INTEGUMENT IN CHILDREN .......................................................... 1083
,CHAPTER 1. CELLULAR BIOLOGY
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. A STUDENT IS OBSERVING A CELL UNDER THE MICROSCOPE. IT IS OBSERVED TO HAVE
SUPERCOILED DNA WITH HISTONES. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING WOULD ALSO BE OBSERVED BY
THE STUDENT?
A. A SINGLE CIRCULAR CHROMOSOME
B. A NUCLEUS
C. FREE-FLOATING NUCLEAR MATERIAL
D. NO ORGANELLES
ANSWER: B
THE CELL DESCRIBED IS A EUKARYOTIC CELL, SO IT HAS HISTONES AND A SUPERCOILED DNA WITHIN
ITS NUCLEUS; THUS, THE NUCLEUS SHOULD BE OBSERVED.
A SINGLE CIRCULAR CHROMOSOME IS CHARACTERISTIC OF PROKARYOTIC CELLS, WHICH DO NOT
HAVE HISTONES.
FREE-FLOATING NUCLEAR MATERIAL DESCRIBES A PROKARYOTIC CELL, WHICH WOULD NOT HAVE A
DISTINCT NUCLEUS.
EUKARYOTIC CELLS HAVE MEMBRANE BOUNDED CELLULAR COMPONENTS CALLED ORGANELLES. NO
ORGANELLES DESCRIBES A PROKARYOTIC CELL.
2. A NURSE IS INSTRUCTING THE STAFF ABOUT CELLULAR FUNCTIONS. WHICH CELLULAR
FUNCTION IS THE NURSE DESCRIBING WHEN AN ISOLATED CELL ABSORBS OXYGEN AND USES IT
TO TRANSFORM NUTRIENTS TO ENERGY?
A. METABOLIC ABSORPTION
,B. COMMUNICATION
C. SECRETION
D. RESPIRATION
ANSWER: D
THE ABILITY OF THE CELL TO ABSORB OXYGEN REFERS TO THE CELLS FUNCTION OF RESPIRATION.
THE ABILITY OF THE CELL TO FUNCTION WITHIN A SOCIETY OF CELLS REFERS TO ITS FUNCTION OF
COMMUNICATION.
THE ABILITY OF THE CELL TO TAKE IN NUTRIENTS REFERS TO THE CELLS FUNCTION OF METABOLIC
ABSORPTION.
THE ABILITY OF THE CELL TO SYNTHESIZE NEW SUBSTANCES AND SECRETE THESE ELSEWHERE REFERS
TO THE CELLS FUNCTION OF SECRETION.
3. A EUKARYOTIC CELL IS UNDERGOING DNA REPLICATION. IN WHICH REGION OF THE CELL
WOULD MOST OF THE GENETIC INFORMATION BE CONTAINED?
A. MITOCHONDRIA
B. RIBOSOME
C. NUCLEOLUS
D. NUCLEUS
ANSWER: C
THE REGION OF THE CELL THAT CONTAINS GENETIC MATERIAL, INCLUDING A LARGE AMOUNT OF
RIBONUCLEIC ACID, MOST OF THE DNA, AND DNA-BINDING PROTEINS, IS THE NUCLEOLUS.
THE MITOCHONDRIA IS THE SITE OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION.
,THE RIBOSOMES ARE INVOLVED IN MANUFACTURING OF PROTEINS WITHIN THE CELL.
THE NUCLEUS CONTAINS THE NUCLEOLUS, AND IT IS THE NUCLEOLUS THAT CONTAINS GENETIC
MATERIAL.
4. THE FLUID MOSAIC MODEL FOR BIOLOGIC MEMBRANES DESCRIBES MEMBRANE BEHAVIOR.
ACCORDING TO THIS MODEL, WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING FLOAT SINGLY OR AS AGGREGATES IN
THE FLUID LIPID BILAYER?
A. PERIPHERAL MEMBRANE PROTEINS
B. INTEGRAL MEMBRANE PROTEINS
C. GLYCOPROTEINS
D. CELL ADHESION MOLECULES
ANSWER: B
INTEGRAL MEMBRANE PROTEINS FLOAT FREELY IN THE FLUID LIPID BILAYER.
PERIPHERAL MEMBRANE PROTEINS ARE NOT EMBEDDED IN THE LAYER, BUT RESIDE AT THE SURFACE.
GLYCOPROTEINS ACT AS CELL SURFACE MARKERS.
CELL ADHESION MOLECULES ARE ON THE OUTSIDE OF THE MEMBRANE AND ALLOW CELLS TO HOOK
TOGETHER.
5. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING CAN BIND TO PLASMA MEMBRANE RECEPTORS?
A. OXYGEN
B. RIBOSOMES
C. AMPHIPATHIC LIPIDS
D. LIGANDS
,ANSWER: D
LIGANDS ARE SPECIFIC MOLECULES THAT CAN BIND WITH RECEPTORS ON THE CELL MEMBRANE.
OXYGEN MOVES BY DIFFUSION; IT DOES NOT BIND TO RECEPTORS.
RIBOSOMES MAKE PROTEINS AND ARE NOT INVOLVED IN BINDING. AMPHIPATHIC LIPIDS ARE A
PORTION OF THE CELL MEMBRANE.
6. A NURSE IS REVIEWING A REPORT FROM A PATIENT WITH METASTATIC CANCER. WHAT FINDING
WOULD SUPPORT THE DIAGNOSIS OF METASTATIC CANCER? ALTERATIONS IN EXTRACELLULAR
MATRIX THAT INCLUDE:
A. DECREASED FIBRONECTIN
B. INCREASED COLLAGEN
C. DECREASED ELASTIN
D. INCREASED GLYCOPROTEINS
ANSWER: A
REDUCED AMOUNTS OF FIBRONECTIN ARE FOUND IN SOME TYPES OF CANCEROUS CELLS, ALLOWING
CANCER CELLS TO TRAVEL, OR METASTASIZE.
COLLAGEN PROVIDES STRENGTH, AND ITS BREAKDOWN IS ASSOCIATED WITH OSTEOARTHRITIS, NOT
CANCER.
ELASTIN IS FOUND IN THE LUNGS AND ALLOWS TISSUES TO STRETCH; IT IS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH
CANCEROUS CELLS.
DECREASED, NOT INCREASED, GLYCOPROTEINS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH CANCEROUS CELLS.
, 7. WHICH FORM OF CELL COMMUNICATION IS USED TO RELATE TO OTHER CELLS IN DIRECT
PHYSICAL CONTACT?
A. CELL JUNCTION
B. GAP JUNCTION
C. DESMOSOMES
D. TIGHT JUNCTIONS
ANSWER: A
CELL JUNCTIONS HOLD CELLS TOGETHER AND PERMIT MOLECULES TO PASS FROM CELL TO CELL.
GAP JUNCTIONS ALLOW COMMUNICATION FROM THE INSIDE OF ONE CELL TO THE INSIDE OF
ANOTHER. DESMOSOMES ARE NOT INVOLVED IN COMMUNICATION, BUT ALLOW CELLS TO HOLD
TOGETHER.
TIGHT JUNCTIONS ARE BARRIERS THAT PREVENT MOVEMENT OF SOME SUBSTANCES AND LEAKAGES
OF OTHERS.
8. PANCREATIC BETA CELLS SECRETE INSULIN, WHICH INHIBITS SECRETION OF GLUCAGON FROM
NEIGHBORING ALPHA CELLS. THIS ACTION IS AN EXAMPLE OF WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING
SIGNALING TYPES?
A. PARACRINE
B. AUTOCRINE
C. NEUROHORMONAL
D. HORMONAL
,ANSWER: A
PARACRINE SIGNALING INVOLVES THE RELEASE OF LOCAL CHEMICAL MEDIATORS THAT ARE QUICKLY
TAKEN UP, DESTROYED, OR IMMOBILIZED, AS IN THE CASE OF INSULIN AND THE INHIBITION OF THE
SECRETION OF GLUCAGON.
WHEN CELLS PRODUCE SIGNALS THAT THEY THEMSELVES RESPOND TO, AUTOCRINE SIGNALING IS
USED.
NEUROHORMONAL SIGNALING INVOLVES SECRETION OF HORMONES INTO THE BLOODSTREAM BY
NEUROSECRETORY HORMONES.
HORMONAL SIGNALING INVOLVES SPECIALIZED ENDOCRINE CELLS THAT SECRETE HORMONE
CHEMICALS RELEASED BY ONE SET OF CELLS THAT TRAVEL THROUGH THE TISSUE THROUGH THE
BLOODSTREAM TO PRODUCE A RESPONSE IN OTHER SETS OF CELLS.
9. IN CELLULAR METABOLISM, EACH ENZYME HAS A HIGH AFFINITY FOR A:
A. SOLUTE
B. SUBSTRATE
C. RECEPTOR
D. RIBOSOME
ANSWER: B
EACH ENZYME HAS A HIGH AFFINITY FOR A SUBSTRATE, A SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE CONVERTED TO A
PRODUCT OF THE
SOLUTES ARE SMALL PARTICLES THAT PASS THROUGH THE CELL MEMBRANE.
A RECEPTOR IS A SITE ON THE CELL WALL THAT ALLOWS TRANSPORT INTO THE CELL.
RIBOSOMES ARE LOCATED INSIDE THE CELL AND ARE NOT RELATED TO THE WORK OF ENZYMES.
10. AN ATHLETE RUNS A MARATHON, AFTER WHICH HIS MUSCLES FEEL FATIGUED AND UNABLE TO
CONTRACT.
THE ATHLETE ASKS THE NURSE WHY THIS HAPPENED. HOW SHOULD THE NURSE RESPOND? A
DEFICIENCY IN CAN CAUSE IMPAIRED MUSCLE CONTRACTION.
, A. GTP
B. AMP
C. ATP
D. GMP
ANSWER: C
THE CELL USES ATP FOR MUSCLE CONTRACTION. WHEN IT IS DEFICIENT, IMPAIRED MUSCLE
CONTRACTION RESULTS.
GTP IS INVOLVED IN CELL SIGNALING, NOT MUSCLE CONTRACTION. AMP IS NOT INVOLVED IN MUSCLE
CONTRACTION. GMP IS NOT INVOLVED IN MUSCLE CONTRACTION.
11. WHICH PHASE OF CATABOLISM PRODUCES THE MOST ATP?
A. DIGESTION
B. GLYCOLYSIS
C. OXIDATION
D. CITRIC ACID CYCLE
ANSWER: D
MOST OF THE ATP IS GENERATED DURING THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE.
LARGER MOLECULES ARE BROKEN DOWN INTO SMALLER UNITS DURING DIGESTION; NO ATP IS
PRODUCED DURING THIS CYCLE.
DURING GLYCOLYSIS, TWO MOLECULES OF ATP ARE PRODUCED FROM EACH GLUCOSE MOLECULE,
BUT THE MOST ATP IS PRODUCED DURING THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE.
OXIDATION IS PART OF THE GLYCOLYSIS PROCESS AND ATP IS PRODUCED, BUT MORE ATP IS
PRODUCED DURING THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE.
