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Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review Sheet
sh
Covers Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41
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1. Review common signs and symptoms of gastrointestinal disorders as a
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whole
tz
sh
Sp
Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dysphagia, and constipation.
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la
2. What is gastritis? What are causes?
sh
Sp
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Inflammation of the stomach lining
la
Causes: Precipitated by ingestion of irritating substances
tz
sh
Example: alcohol and aspirin, NSAIDs, viral, bacteria, autoimmune
Sp
ne
la
3. What is GERD? What are causes to this condition? What are complications
sh
Sp
of GERD if left untreated?
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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease- Backflow of gastric contents into esophagus through lower
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esophageal sphincter (LES)
tz
sh
Sp
Inflammation caused by reflux of highly acidic material (esophagitis)
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Causes
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Any condition or agent that alters closure strength of LES or increases abdominal pressure, fatty
sh
Sp
foods, caffeine, large amounts of alcohol, cigarette smoking, pregnancy, anatomic features (ex:
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hiatal hernia)
la
Complications: Barrett esophagus- Structural changes in tissue of esophagus over time (columnar tissue
tz
replaced normal squamos epithelial) can increase risk for esophageal cancer sh
Sp
Progression can lead to ulceration, fibrotic scarring
ne
la
Esophageal strictures
sh
Pulmonary symptoms - cough, asthma, and laryngitis - from reflux in breathing passages
Sp
ne
a
4. Review signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease. What is the role of H.
tz
l
sh
pylori in this condition?
Sp
ne
Caused by NSAIDs, stress (glucocorticoids), smoking, genetics
la
No relation b/w diet and PUD
sh
Sp
H. pylori plays a key role in promoting both gastric and duodenal ulcer formation
la
Sp
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Thrives in acidic conditions
sh
Slow rate of ulcer healing
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High rate of recurrence
la
Clearance of H. pylori promotes ulcer healing
tz
sh
Sp
ne
Signs and symptoms- epigastric burning that is usually relieved by the intake of food (especially
la
dairy products) or antacids.
sh
Sp
Pain of gastric ulcers typically occurs on an empty stomach but may present soon after a
ne
meal
la
Pain of duodenal ulcer classically occurs 2 to 3 hours after a meal and is relieved by
tz
further food ingestion
sh
Sp
ne
la
Life threatening complication: GI bleed
sh
Treatment: treat with antibiotic and then stomach acid with Sucralfate (Carafate)
Sp
ne
la
5. What is pseudomembranous colitis? What contributes to this condition?
tz
sh
What are ways that it can be treated?
Sp
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Antibiotic-Associated Colitis (Pseudomembranous Enterocolitis).
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Acute inflammation and necrosis of large intestine
sh
Sp
Caused by overgrowth of Clostridium difficile c.diff (exposure to antibiotics)
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Treatment= Stop current antibiotic (if possible)
la
tz
Treat ischemia
Treat contributing conditions
sh
Sp
ne
Oral antibiotics - metronidazole (flagyl) or vancomycin
Recurrence common
la
Fecal transplant - transfer of fecal material from another healthy person to the source patient
sh
via enema or gastric tube
Sp
Colectomy – removal of portion of colon
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a
6. Review examples of inflammatory bowel conditions.
tz
l
sh
Sp
Ulcerative Colitis
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Chronic inflammatory disease of the mucosa of the rectum and colon
la
Large ulcers form in mucosal layer of colon and rectum
sh
Sp
Hallmark clinical manifestations are bloody diarrhea and lower abdominal pain
la
Sp
, ne
sh
Crohn’s Disease
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Also called regional enteritis or granulomatous colitis
la
Affects proximal portion of the colon or terminal ileum
tz
sh
Sp
Chronic inflammation of all layers of intestinal wall resulting from blockage and inflammation of
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lymphatic vessels
la
Intermittent bouts of fever, diarrhea (with or without blood), chronic RLQ pain, may have RLQ mass,
sh
tenderness
Sp
ne
la
tz
sh
Sp
ne
la
sh
Sp
ne
la
tz
sh
Sp
ne
la
sh
Sp
ne
la
tz
sh
Sp
ne
7. Review signs and symptoms of appendicitis. How do we assess for this
la
condition?
sh
Sp
Signs and symptoms- Periumbilical pain, RLQ pain “McBurney’s point”, nausea, vomiting, fever,
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diarrhea, RLQ tenderness, systemic signs of inflammation
a
Mcburney- better with pressure exacerbated after – rebound tenderness
tz
l
sh
Sp
ne
8. Review causes of bowel obstructions. Know the difference between functional obstruction versus
la
mechanical obstruction. Know examples of each type
sh
Sp
Mechanical
la
Sp
Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review Sheet
sh
Covers Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41
ne
1. Review common signs and symptoms of gastrointestinal disorders as a
la
whole
tz
sh
Sp
Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dysphagia, and constipation.
ne
la
2. What is gastritis? What are causes?
sh
Sp
ne
Inflammation of the stomach lining
la
Causes: Precipitated by ingestion of irritating substances
tz
sh
Example: alcohol and aspirin, NSAIDs, viral, bacteria, autoimmune
Sp
ne
la
3. What is GERD? What are causes to this condition? What are complications
sh
Sp
of GERD if left untreated?
ne
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease- Backflow of gastric contents into esophagus through lower
la
esophageal sphincter (LES)
tz
sh
Sp
Inflammation caused by reflux of highly acidic material (esophagitis)
ne
Causes
la
Any condition or agent that alters closure strength of LES or increases abdominal pressure, fatty
sh
Sp
foods, caffeine, large amounts of alcohol, cigarette smoking, pregnancy, anatomic features (ex:
ne
hiatal hernia)
la
Complications: Barrett esophagus- Structural changes in tissue of esophagus over time (columnar tissue
tz
replaced normal squamos epithelial) can increase risk for esophageal cancer sh
Sp
Progression can lead to ulceration, fibrotic scarring
ne
la
Esophageal strictures
sh
Pulmonary symptoms - cough, asthma, and laryngitis - from reflux in breathing passages
Sp
ne
a
4. Review signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease. What is the role of H.
tz
l
sh
pylori in this condition?
Sp
ne
Caused by NSAIDs, stress (glucocorticoids), smoking, genetics
la
No relation b/w diet and PUD
sh
Sp
H. pylori plays a key role in promoting both gastric and duodenal ulcer formation
la
Sp
, ne
Thrives in acidic conditions
sh
Slow rate of ulcer healing
ne
High rate of recurrence
la
Clearance of H. pylori promotes ulcer healing
tz
sh
Sp
ne
Signs and symptoms- epigastric burning that is usually relieved by the intake of food (especially
la
dairy products) or antacids.
sh
Sp
Pain of gastric ulcers typically occurs on an empty stomach but may present soon after a
ne
meal
la
Pain of duodenal ulcer classically occurs 2 to 3 hours after a meal and is relieved by
tz
further food ingestion
sh
Sp
ne
la
Life threatening complication: GI bleed
sh
Treatment: treat with antibiotic and then stomach acid with Sucralfate (Carafate)
Sp
ne
la
5. What is pseudomembranous colitis? What contributes to this condition?
tz
sh
What are ways that it can be treated?
Sp
ne
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis (Pseudomembranous Enterocolitis).
la
Acute inflammation and necrosis of large intestine
sh
Sp
Caused by overgrowth of Clostridium difficile c.diff (exposure to antibiotics)
ne
Treatment= Stop current antibiotic (if possible)
la
tz
Treat ischemia
Treat contributing conditions
sh
Sp
ne
Oral antibiotics - metronidazole (flagyl) or vancomycin
Recurrence common
la
Fecal transplant - transfer of fecal material from another healthy person to the source patient
sh
via enema or gastric tube
Sp
Colectomy – removal of portion of colon
ne
a
6. Review examples of inflammatory bowel conditions.
tz
l
sh
Sp
Ulcerative Colitis
ne
Chronic inflammatory disease of the mucosa of the rectum and colon
la
Large ulcers form in mucosal layer of colon and rectum
sh
Sp
Hallmark clinical manifestations are bloody diarrhea and lower abdominal pain
la
Sp
, ne
sh
Crohn’s Disease
ne
Also called regional enteritis or granulomatous colitis
la
Affects proximal portion of the colon or terminal ileum
tz
sh
Sp
Chronic inflammation of all layers of intestinal wall resulting from blockage and inflammation of
ne
lymphatic vessels
la
Intermittent bouts of fever, diarrhea (with or without blood), chronic RLQ pain, may have RLQ mass,
sh
tenderness
Sp
ne
la
tz
sh
Sp
ne
la
sh
Sp
ne
la
tz
sh
Sp
ne
la
sh
Sp
ne
la
tz
sh
Sp
ne
7. Review signs and symptoms of appendicitis. How do we assess for this
la
condition?
sh
Sp
Signs and symptoms- Periumbilical pain, RLQ pain “McBurney’s point”, nausea, vomiting, fever,
ne
diarrhea, RLQ tenderness, systemic signs of inflammation
a
Mcburney- better with pressure exacerbated after – rebound tenderness
tz
l
sh
Sp
ne
8. Review causes of bowel obstructions. Know the difference between functional obstruction versus
la
mechanical obstruction. Know examples of each type
sh
Sp
Mechanical
la
Sp
