Pharmacology
Table of Contents
Introduction to pharmocology .......................................................................................... 3
Pharmacodynamics .......................................................................................................... 4
Part 1....................................................................................................................................... 4
Part 2....................................................................................................................................... 6
Part 3: agonist .......................................................................................................................... 7
Part 4 antagonists and inverse agonists..................................................................................... 8
Autonomic nervous system ............................................................................................... 9
Part 1....................................................................................................................................... 9
Part 2:.................................................................................................................................... 12
Part 3..................................................................................................................................... 14
Part 4..................................................................................................................................... 15
Part 5..................................................................................................................................... 16
Part 6: adrenergic neurotransmission in the ANS..................................................................... 18
Part 7: Pharmacological control of NA neurotransmission ....................................................... 19
Part 8: major neurotransmitter systems of the central nervous system (Cns) ............................ 22
Pharmacokinetics ........................................................................................................... 24
Part 1: Introducing ................................................................................................................. 24
Part 2: Absorption: the role of diffusion .................................................................................. 25
Part 3: Absorption: the role of lipid solubility and first pass effect ........................................... 28
Part 4: distribution and excretion ........................................................................................... 31
Part 5: metabolism of drugs ................................................................................................... 33
Part 6: Drug distribution and elimination kinetics.................................................................... 33
Part 7: principles of dosing ..................................................................................................... 35
Part 8: drug toxicity ................................................................................................................ 38
Part 9: Variability in reactions to drugs and population pharmacology ..................................... 39
Variation in PK................................................................................................................ 41
Part 1: variation in PK and PD in children ................................................................................ 41
Part 2: variation in PK/PD in elderly, pregnancy and polypharmacy ......................................... 42
Clinical pharmacological research ................................................................................... 46
Part 1: introduction to clinical pharmacological research ......................................................... 46
Part 2: the phases of CPR and RCT .......................................................................................... 47
,Ethics ............................................................................................................................. 49
Part 1: defining the field and historical background. ................................................................ 49
Part 2: modern practice and moral dilemma’s ......................................................................... 49
Pharmacotherapy: .......................................................................................................... 50
Leerstof voor het tentamen:
Rang & Dale’s Pharmacology Tenth Edition:
Hoofdstuk 1(1): What is pharmacology
Hoofdstuk 2(2): How drugs act: general principles
Hoofdstuk 3(3): How drugs act: molecular aspects
Hoofdstuk 8(8): Methods and measurements in pharmacology
Hoofdstuk 9(9): Absorption and distribution of drugs
Hoofdstuk 10(10): Drug metabolism and elimination
Hoofdstuk 11(11): Pharmacokinetics
Hoofdstuk 12(12): Individual variation, pharmacogenetics and personalised medicine
Hoofdstuk 13(13): Chemical mediators and the autonomic nervous system
Hoofdstuk 14(14): Cholinergic transmission
Hoofdstuk 15(15): Noradrenergic transmission
Hoofdstuk 58(58): Harmful effects of drugs
Hoofdstuk 60(60): Drug discovery and development
FTC I - Parkinson
Hoofdstuk 39 (40): Other transmitters and modulators (alleen Dopamine)
Hoofdstuk 40 (41): Neurodegenerative diseases (pagina: 548 t/m 553)(9
de editie: 522 t/m 527)
FTC II – Diabetes Mellitus
Hoofdstuk 31 (32): The control of blood glucose and drug treatment of diabetes mellitus
FTC III - Depressie
Hoofdstuk 48 (48): Antidepressant drugs
Hoofdstuk 39 (40): Other transmitters and modulators (alleen 5-HT, NA, Ach)
FTC IV - Pijn
Hoofdstuk 43 (43): Analgesic drugs
Hoofdstuk 25 (27): Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant drugs (pagina 350 t/m 359)
(9de editie pagina 343 t/m 351)
FTC V - hypertensie
Hoofdstuk 21 (23): The vascular system
,Hoofdstuk 29 (30): The kidney and urinary system
Introduction to pharmocology
- (medical) pharmacology: explanation of action of pharmaceuticals (= biologically
active substances, including toxins) in the human or animal body
- Medicine= pharmaceutical (drug) applied for therapy
- Pharmacodynamics (PD)= what does the drug do with the body
- Pharmacokinetics (PK) = what does the body do with the drug
- Pharmacotherapy= applied pharmacology
What is pharmacology?
- Study of what drugs do and how
- A drug is a chemical used to treat disease
- Drugs are intended to have a selective action, seldom
achieved
- There is always a risk of adverse effects as well as
benefit connected with the use of drugs
- A knowledge of pharmacology is essential for using
drugs effectively and safely in therapy
Effects of medicines/ drugs:
- Primary effect: effect for which the compound is administered.
- Side effect: adverse/ unwanted effects
➢ The distinction between primary effects and side effect is determined by the aim for
which the medicine is administered
- Placebo: a preparation without any pharmacologically active substance
- Nocebo: a placebo with unwanted effects
, Sequence of phases in drug discovery and development
Pharmacodynamics
Part 1
Boek chapter 2 en 3
The four levels of drug action and classification:
- System level
o Bv. Nervous system
- Tissue
o Contraction in heart
- Cellular
o Ion channels
- Molecular
Table of Contents
Introduction to pharmocology .......................................................................................... 3
Pharmacodynamics .......................................................................................................... 4
Part 1....................................................................................................................................... 4
Part 2....................................................................................................................................... 6
Part 3: agonist .......................................................................................................................... 7
Part 4 antagonists and inverse agonists..................................................................................... 8
Autonomic nervous system ............................................................................................... 9
Part 1....................................................................................................................................... 9
Part 2:.................................................................................................................................... 12
Part 3..................................................................................................................................... 14
Part 4..................................................................................................................................... 15
Part 5..................................................................................................................................... 16
Part 6: adrenergic neurotransmission in the ANS..................................................................... 18
Part 7: Pharmacological control of NA neurotransmission ....................................................... 19
Part 8: major neurotransmitter systems of the central nervous system (Cns) ............................ 22
Pharmacokinetics ........................................................................................................... 24
Part 1: Introducing ................................................................................................................. 24
Part 2: Absorption: the role of diffusion .................................................................................. 25
Part 3: Absorption: the role of lipid solubility and first pass effect ........................................... 28
Part 4: distribution and excretion ........................................................................................... 31
Part 5: metabolism of drugs ................................................................................................... 33
Part 6: Drug distribution and elimination kinetics.................................................................... 33
Part 7: principles of dosing ..................................................................................................... 35
Part 8: drug toxicity ................................................................................................................ 38
Part 9: Variability in reactions to drugs and population pharmacology ..................................... 39
Variation in PK................................................................................................................ 41
Part 1: variation in PK and PD in children ................................................................................ 41
Part 2: variation in PK/PD in elderly, pregnancy and polypharmacy ......................................... 42
Clinical pharmacological research ................................................................................... 46
Part 1: introduction to clinical pharmacological research ......................................................... 46
Part 2: the phases of CPR and RCT .......................................................................................... 47
,Ethics ............................................................................................................................. 49
Part 1: defining the field and historical background. ................................................................ 49
Part 2: modern practice and moral dilemma’s ......................................................................... 49
Pharmacotherapy: .......................................................................................................... 50
Leerstof voor het tentamen:
Rang & Dale’s Pharmacology Tenth Edition:
Hoofdstuk 1(1): What is pharmacology
Hoofdstuk 2(2): How drugs act: general principles
Hoofdstuk 3(3): How drugs act: molecular aspects
Hoofdstuk 8(8): Methods and measurements in pharmacology
Hoofdstuk 9(9): Absorption and distribution of drugs
Hoofdstuk 10(10): Drug metabolism and elimination
Hoofdstuk 11(11): Pharmacokinetics
Hoofdstuk 12(12): Individual variation, pharmacogenetics and personalised medicine
Hoofdstuk 13(13): Chemical mediators and the autonomic nervous system
Hoofdstuk 14(14): Cholinergic transmission
Hoofdstuk 15(15): Noradrenergic transmission
Hoofdstuk 58(58): Harmful effects of drugs
Hoofdstuk 60(60): Drug discovery and development
FTC I - Parkinson
Hoofdstuk 39 (40): Other transmitters and modulators (alleen Dopamine)
Hoofdstuk 40 (41): Neurodegenerative diseases (pagina: 548 t/m 553)(9
de editie: 522 t/m 527)
FTC II – Diabetes Mellitus
Hoofdstuk 31 (32): The control of blood glucose and drug treatment of diabetes mellitus
FTC III - Depressie
Hoofdstuk 48 (48): Antidepressant drugs
Hoofdstuk 39 (40): Other transmitters and modulators (alleen 5-HT, NA, Ach)
FTC IV - Pijn
Hoofdstuk 43 (43): Analgesic drugs
Hoofdstuk 25 (27): Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant drugs (pagina 350 t/m 359)
(9de editie pagina 343 t/m 351)
FTC V - hypertensie
Hoofdstuk 21 (23): The vascular system
,Hoofdstuk 29 (30): The kidney and urinary system
Introduction to pharmocology
- (medical) pharmacology: explanation of action of pharmaceuticals (= biologically
active substances, including toxins) in the human or animal body
- Medicine= pharmaceutical (drug) applied for therapy
- Pharmacodynamics (PD)= what does the drug do with the body
- Pharmacokinetics (PK) = what does the body do with the drug
- Pharmacotherapy= applied pharmacology
What is pharmacology?
- Study of what drugs do and how
- A drug is a chemical used to treat disease
- Drugs are intended to have a selective action, seldom
achieved
- There is always a risk of adverse effects as well as
benefit connected with the use of drugs
- A knowledge of pharmacology is essential for using
drugs effectively and safely in therapy
Effects of medicines/ drugs:
- Primary effect: effect for which the compound is administered.
- Side effect: adverse/ unwanted effects
➢ The distinction between primary effects and side effect is determined by the aim for
which the medicine is administered
- Placebo: a preparation without any pharmacologically active substance
- Nocebo: a placebo with unwanted effects
, Sequence of phases in drug discovery and development
Pharmacodynamics
Part 1
Boek chapter 2 en 3
The four levels of drug action and classification:
- System level
o Bv. Nervous system
- Tissue
o Contraction in heart
- Cellular
o Ion channels
- Molecular
