ANP1111 FINAL EXAM REVIEW
2025/2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS
WITH CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
|| 100% GUARANTEED PASS
<BRAND NEW VERSION>
1. What are the four subdivisions of the brain? - ANSWER ✓ cerebrum,
diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum
2. What is gray matter? - ANSWER ✓ short, nonmyelinated neurons and cell
bodies, some is organized into nuclei.
3. What is white matter? - ANSWER ✓ myelinated axons
4. How is gray and white matter organized in the spinal cord? - ANSWER ✓
Central cavity surround with gray matter in a butterfly shape, which is
surround with white matter
5. How is gray and white matter organized in the brain? - ANSWER ✓ Central
cavity surrounded with gray matter. Some nuclei scattered. outside of
cerebrum and cerebellum is covered in gray matter. Rest is white matter.
6. What is the uncus? - ANSWER ✓ innermost part of the temporal lobe
7. Where is the gustatory cortex located? - ANSWER ✓ insula
8. What is the gustatory cortex for? - ANSWER ✓ Awareness of different
tastes
,9. What is the visceral sensory area? - ANSWER ✓ Conscious perception of
visceral sensations, such as upset stomach or full bladder
10.Where is the visceral sensory area? - ANSWER ✓ posterior to gustatory
cortex
11.What are multimodal association areas? - ANSWER ✓ receive input from
multiple senses and sends outputs to multiple areas
12.What is the anterior association area associated with? - ANSWER ✓
Intellect, complex learning, recall, personality, working memory, abstract
ideas, judgment, reasoning, persistence, planning, concern, conscience
13.What is the posterior association area for? - ANSWER ✓ receives input
from all sensory association areas -> stores complex memories linked to
sensory input ->puts info together to understand what we see (Recognition
of patterns, faces, language).
14.What is contralateral neglect? - ANSWER ✓ Damage to the posterior
association area causes someone to not see a part of them as a part of
themself.
15.What does the limbic association area do? - ANSWER ✓ Provides
emotional impact (e.g. danger associated with something).
16.What side is cerebral dominant? - ANSWER ✓ The hemisphere that is
dominant for language
17.What is cerebral white matter for? - ANSWER ✓ Communication between
cerebral areas, between cortex and lower CNS centres
18.What are commissural fibers? - ANSWER ✓ horizontal fibers that connect
gray matter of two hemispheres (Left & Right)
19.What is the largest commissural fiber? - ANSWER ✓ corpus callosum
20.What are association fibers? - ANSWER ✓ Fibers that connect areas of the
cerebral cortex within the SAME hemisphere (Anterior & Posterior)
,21.What are projection fibers? - ANSWER ✓ To or from cortex to rest of
nervous system (Vertical)
22.What are basal nuclei? - ANSWER ✓ Concentrations of gray matter
23.What are the three basal nuclei? - ANSWER ✓ caudate nucleus, putamen,
globus pallidus
24.What do basal nuclei do? - ANSWER ✓ They receive input from the cortex
and provide output to motor parts of the cortex. Also inhibit antagonistic
actions by filtering them out and sending only the best response to cortex.
25.What are traumatic brain injuries? - ANSWER ✓ Brain damage is caused
not only by localized injury at the site of the blow but also by ricocheting
brain hitting the opposite end of the skull
26.What is a concussion? - ANSWER ✓ Alteration in brain function, usually
temporary following a blow to the head
Victim might be dizzy or lose consciousness
Can produce over time cumulative damage
27.More serious can bruise the brain and cause permanent neurological damage,
condition called contusion Contusion; the individual may remain conscious,
or in a coma lasting lifetime to an hour
28.Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) (strokes) - ANSWER ✓ The single most
common nervous system disorder
29.CVAs occur when blood circulation to a brain area is blocked and brain
tissue dies of ischemia, a reduction of blood supply that impairs the delivery
of oxygen and nutrients
30.Most common cause is a blood clot that blocks a cerebral artery
31.Clot can originate outside the bran or form on the roughened interior wall of
a brain artery narrowed by atherosclerosis
, Many who survive a CVA are paralyzed on one side of the body
32.What is Alzheimer's disease? - ANSWER ✓ Progressive degenerative
disease of the brain ultimately results in dementia
Memory loss, shortened attention span, disorientation, eventual language
loss
33.How does Huntington's disease happen? - ANSWER ✓ Fatal hereditary
disorder, strikes during middle age
34.Protein accumulates in brain cells and the tissue dies, leading to massive
degeneration of the basal nuclei and later of the cerebral cortex.
35.This causes a person to lose control of their feelings, thoughts and/or
movements.
36.How does Parkinson's disease happen? - ANSWER ✓ substantia nigra
degenerates -> less inhibitory dopamine released -> basal nuclei become
overactive -> persistent tremor, difficulty walking, loss of facial expression,
difficulty writing
37.Describe the crista ampullaris - ANSWER ✓ - one in each semicircular
canal for each plane of space
- Stimulated by changes of velocity of rotational movements
- Support cells and hair cells extend into the cupula
- Vestibular nerve fibers encircle base of each hair cell
38.What causes the hairs of the crista ampullaris to bend? - ANSWER ✓ Due to
inertia, endolymph will cause the cupula to bend.
39.What happens when to the crista ampullaris when you accelerate
rotationally? - ANSWER ✓ Endolymph will flow in the opposite direction
of rotation, causing one ampulla to fold one way, and the other to fold the
other way.
40.How do sensory pathways for equilibrium allow for reflexes? - ANSWER ✓
They go directly to the brainstem, rather than the cerebral cortex. The
brainstem nuclei then integrates vestibular, visual and somatic information
2025/2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS
WITH CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
|| 100% GUARANTEED PASS
<BRAND NEW VERSION>
1. What are the four subdivisions of the brain? - ANSWER ✓ cerebrum,
diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum
2. What is gray matter? - ANSWER ✓ short, nonmyelinated neurons and cell
bodies, some is organized into nuclei.
3. What is white matter? - ANSWER ✓ myelinated axons
4. How is gray and white matter organized in the spinal cord? - ANSWER ✓
Central cavity surround with gray matter in a butterfly shape, which is
surround with white matter
5. How is gray and white matter organized in the brain? - ANSWER ✓ Central
cavity surrounded with gray matter. Some nuclei scattered. outside of
cerebrum and cerebellum is covered in gray matter. Rest is white matter.
6. What is the uncus? - ANSWER ✓ innermost part of the temporal lobe
7. Where is the gustatory cortex located? - ANSWER ✓ insula
8. What is the gustatory cortex for? - ANSWER ✓ Awareness of different
tastes
,9. What is the visceral sensory area? - ANSWER ✓ Conscious perception of
visceral sensations, such as upset stomach or full bladder
10.Where is the visceral sensory area? - ANSWER ✓ posterior to gustatory
cortex
11.What are multimodal association areas? - ANSWER ✓ receive input from
multiple senses and sends outputs to multiple areas
12.What is the anterior association area associated with? - ANSWER ✓
Intellect, complex learning, recall, personality, working memory, abstract
ideas, judgment, reasoning, persistence, planning, concern, conscience
13.What is the posterior association area for? - ANSWER ✓ receives input
from all sensory association areas -> stores complex memories linked to
sensory input ->puts info together to understand what we see (Recognition
of patterns, faces, language).
14.What is contralateral neglect? - ANSWER ✓ Damage to the posterior
association area causes someone to not see a part of them as a part of
themself.
15.What does the limbic association area do? - ANSWER ✓ Provides
emotional impact (e.g. danger associated with something).
16.What side is cerebral dominant? - ANSWER ✓ The hemisphere that is
dominant for language
17.What is cerebral white matter for? - ANSWER ✓ Communication between
cerebral areas, between cortex and lower CNS centres
18.What are commissural fibers? - ANSWER ✓ horizontal fibers that connect
gray matter of two hemispheres (Left & Right)
19.What is the largest commissural fiber? - ANSWER ✓ corpus callosum
20.What are association fibers? - ANSWER ✓ Fibers that connect areas of the
cerebral cortex within the SAME hemisphere (Anterior & Posterior)
,21.What are projection fibers? - ANSWER ✓ To or from cortex to rest of
nervous system (Vertical)
22.What are basal nuclei? - ANSWER ✓ Concentrations of gray matter
23.What are the three basal nuclei? - ANSWER ✓ caudate nucleus, putamen,
globus pallidus
24.What do basal nuclei do? - ANSWER ✓ They receive input from the cortex
and provide output to motor parts of the cortex. Also inhibit antagonistic
actions by filtering them out and sending only the best response to cortex.
25.What are traumatic brain injuries? - ANSWER ✓ Brain damage is caused
not only by localized injury at the site of the blow but also by ricocheting
brain hitting the opposite end of the skull
26.What is a concussion? - ANSWER ✓ Alteration in brain function, usually
temporary following a blow to the head
Victim might be dizzy or lose consciousness
Can produce over time cumulative damage
27.More serious can bruise the brain and cause permanent neurological damage,
condition called contusion Contusion; the individual may remain conscious,
or in a coma lasting lifetime to an hour
28.Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) (strokes) - ANSWER ✓ The single most
common nervous system disorder
29.CVAs occur when blood circulation to a brain area is blocked and brain
tissue dies of ischemia, a reduction of blood supply that impairs the delivery
of oxygen and nutrients
30.Most common cause is a blood clot that blocks a cerebral artery
31.Clot can originate outside the bran or form on the roughened interior wall of
a brain artery narrowed by atherosclerosis
, Many who survive a CVA are paralyzed on one side of the body
32.What is Alzheimer's disease? - ANSWER ✓ Progressive degenerative
disease of the brain ultimately results in dementia
Memory loss, shortened attention span, disorientation, eventual language
loss
33.How does Huntington's disease happen? - ANSWER ✓ Fatal hereditary
disorder, strikes during middle age
34.Protein accumulates in brain cells and the tissue dies, leading to massive
degeneration of the basal nuclei and later of the cerebral cortex.
35.This causes a person to lose control of their feelings, thoughts and/or
movements.
36.How does Parkinson's disease happen? - ANSWER ✓ substantia nigra
degenerates -> less inhibitory dopamine released -> basal nuclei become
overactive -> persistent tremor, difficulty walking, loss of facial expression,
difficulty writing
37.Describe the crista ampullaris - ANSWER ✓ - one in each semicircular
canal for each plane of space
- Stimulated by changes of velocity of rotational movements
- Support cells and hair cells extend into the cupula
- Vestibular nerve fibers encircle base of each hair cell
38.What causes the hairs of the crista ampullaris to bend? - ANSWER ✓ Due to
inertia, endolymph will cause the cupula to bend.
39.What happens when to the crista ampullaris when you accelerate
rotationally? - ANSWER ✓ Endolymph will flow in the opposite direction
of rotation, causing one ampulla to fold one way, and the other to fold the
other way.
40.How do sensory pathways for equilibrium allow for reflexes? - ANSWER ✓
They go directly to the brainstem, rather than the cerebral cortex. The
brainstem nuclei then integrates vestibular, visual and somatic information
