HSC4579 (WOMEN'S HEALTH ISSUES)
EXAM 1 2025 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Nutritional and weight gain recommendations for pregnancy and exercise concerns with
pregnancy - ANS -Consume additional 100 calories/day during 1st trimester
-Consume additional 300 calories/day 2nd‐3rd trimester
-Folic acid
-Calcium
-Iron
-Increase fluid intake
-Weight gain: Average 25-35 pounds total
-exercise benefits: feel better, shorter labor, quicker recovery
-Forms of exercise 1st Trimester Ultrasound tests and blood tests to detect Down Syndrome
and trisomy 18 2nd Trimester Multiple marker screening Detailed ultrasound exams
: swimming, walking, low-impact aerobics, Kegel exercises
Women's Health Movement - ANS -began in the 1830's and 1840's
-women began advocating taking an active role in preventing disease and staying healthy rather
than relying on formally trained physicians for treatment
-1st wave focused on eating a proper diet, the elimination of the corset, and periodic sexual
abstinence to control family size
-a few middle-class women sought entry into the medical profession (Elizabeth Blackwell)
-Women's rights convention (Seneca Falls, NY-1848)
1|P a g e C o p y r i g h t © 2 0 2 5 T H E B R I G H T A L L R I G H T S R E S E R V E D
, Feminism - ANS -the idea that women should have the same political, economic, and social
rights and opportunities as men
Feminist Movement - ANS -1st wave began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries (secure
basic rights for women-right to vote, own property)
- 2nd wave occurred In 1960s and 1970s ( fought for reproductive freedom, equal pay, equal
access to jobs and education)
-3rd wave began in late 1980s and early 1990s (addressed domestic violence, access to safe and
legal abortions, and sexual harassment)
Women's Right to Vote - ANS -19th Amendment (1920)
-Progressive Era 1890's-1920's
Women and the workforce post World War 2 - ANS -by end of the war 18 million women
were employed
-women began receiving more pay and worked in a greater variety of positions
-end of war: women pressured to leave their jobs and return to being homemakers
Family and Medical Leave Act - ANS -1993
-gives employees unpaid medical leave for themselves or for the care of a family member or a
newborn or adopted infant
NIH Revitalization Act in regards to women's health - ANS -1993
-required women and minorities be included as subjects in all human subject research funded
by NIH
-broadened the scientific knowledge base necessary for developing sex-specific diagnostic
techniques, preventive measures, and effective treatments for diseases and conditions
affecting women throughout their life span
2|P a g e C o p y r i g h t © 2 0 2 5 T H E B R I G H T A L L R I G H T S R E S E R V E D
, Title X Program - ANS -provides funding to millions of people for reproductive health and
family planning services
Clinical trials and the various phases - ANS -Phase I: A new drug is tested in a small group (20-
80) of healthy volunteers to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify
side effects
-Phase II: The study is given to a larger group (100-300) of people to further evaluate its safety
and effectiveness.
-Phase III: The study drug is given to large groups (1000-3000) in clinics and hospitals to confirm
its effectiveness, monitor side effects, and compare it with other treatments
-Phase IV: The study done after the drug is marketed to continue collecting information
regarding the drug's effects in various populations
Third-party payer system - ANS -individuals do not pay directly for the delivery of care
- many have health insurance, which, in return for a monthly or yearly payment called a
premium plus a copayment and /or deductible, provides coverage for health related goods and
services
-employees-->(premium)-->payers/insurers-->(money)--> providers--> (services)-->employees
Fee-for-service - ANS -aka indemnity
-insurers reimbursed hospitals based on a list of charges for services rendered.
managed care - ANS -introduced as a method to control costs by changing how the delivery
of care is coordinate and how health care is reimbursed
-requires patients to go to specific providers and have access to care only when certain criteria
are met
-in some cases, physicians receive a predetermined lump sum for all care delivers rather than
each service rendered
- perceived as a form of reform and as a barrier to care
-blamed for decreased access to care (shorter physician office visits, restrictions on choice of
doctors, higher copayments)
3|P a g e C o p y r i g h t © 2 0 2 5 T H E B R I G H T A L L R I G H T S R E S E R V E D
EXAM 1 2025 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Nutritional and weight gain recommendations for pregnancy and exercise concerns with
pregnancy - ANS -Consume additional 100 calories/day during 1st trimester
-Consume additional 300 calories/day 2nd‐3rd trimester
-Folic acid
-Calcium
-Iron
-Increase fluid intake
-Weight gain: Average 25-35 pounds total
-exercise benefits: feel better, shorter labor, quicker recovery
-Forms of exercise 1st Trimester Ultrasound tests and blood tests to detect Down Syndrome
and trisomy 18 2nd Trimester Multiple marker screening Detailed ultrasound exams
: swimming, walking, low-impact aerobics, Kegel exercises
Women's Health Movement - ANS -began in the 1830's and 1840's
-women began advocating taking an active role in preventing disease and staying healthy rather
than relying on formally trained physicians for treatment
-1st wave focused on eating a proper diet, the elimination of the corset, and periodic sexual
abstinence to control family size
-a few middle-class women sought entry into the medical profession (Elizabeth Blackwell)
-Women's rights convention (Seneca Falls, NY-1848)
1|P a g e C o p y r i g h t © 2 0 2 5 T H E B R I G H T A L L R I G H T S R E S E R V E D
, Feminism - ANS -the idea that women should have the same political, economic, and social
rights and opportunities as men
Feminist Movement - ANS -1st wave began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries (secure
basic rights for women-right to vote, own property)
- 2nd wave occurred In 1960s and 1970s ( fought for reproductive freedom, equal pay, equal
access to jobs and education)
-3rd wave began in late 1980s and early 1990s (addressed domestic violence, access to safe and
legal abortions, and sexual harassment)
Women's Right to Vote - ANS -19th Amendment (1920)
-Progressive Era 1890's-1920's
Women and the workforce post World War 2 - ANS -by end of the war 18 million women
were employed
-women began receiving more pay and worked in a greater variety of positions
-end of war: women pressured to leave their jobs and return to being homemakers
Family and Medical Leave Act - ANS -1993
-gives employees unpaid medical leave for themselves or for the care of a family member or a
newborn or adopted infant
NIH Revitalization Act in regards to women's health - ANS -1993
-required women and minorities be included as subjects in all human subject research funded
by NIH
-broadened the scientific knowledge base necessary for developing sex-specific diagnostic
techniques, preventive measures, and effective treatments for diseases and conditions
affecting women throughout their life span
2|P a g e C o p y r i g h t © 2 0 2 5 T H E B R I G H T A L L R I G H T S R E S E R V E D
, Title X Program - ANS -provides funding to millions of people for reproductive health and
family planning services
Clinical trials and the various phases - ANS -Phase I: A new drug is tested in a small group (20-
80) of healthy volunteers to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify
side effects
-Phase II: The study is given to a larger group (100-300) of people to further evaluate its safety
and effectiveness.
-Phase III: The study drug is given to large groups (1000-3000) in clinics and hospitals to confirm
its effectiveness, monitor side effects, and compare it with other treatments
-Phase IV: The study done after the drug is marketed to continue collecting information
regarding the drug's effects in various populations
Third-party payer system - ANS -individuals do not pay directly for the delivery of care
- many have health insurance, which, in return for a monthly or yearly payment called a
premium plus a copayment and /or deductible, provides coverage for health related goods and
services
-employees-->(premium)-->payers/insurers-->(money)--> providers--> (services)-->employees
Fee-for-service - ANS -aka indemnity
-insurers reimbursed hospitals based on a list of charges for services rendered.
managed care - ANS -introduced as a method to control costs by changing how the delivery
of care is coordinate and how health care is reimbursed
-requires patients to go to specific providers and have access to care only when certain criteria
are met
-in some cases, physicians receive a predetermined lump sum for all care delivers rather than
each service rendered
- perceived as a form of reform and as a barrier to care
-blamed for decreased access to care (shorter physician office visits, restrictions on choice of
doctors, higher copayments)
3|P a g e C o p y r i g h t © 2 0 2 5 T H E B R I G H T A L L R I G H T S R E S E R V E D
