NUR 408 Final Exam Latest Study Questions And
Answers With Latest Updates
Descriptive statistics
Inferential statistics ANS __ are used to synthesize and describe data. It allows us to draw conclusions
from the use of graphs, charts, and so on.
__are used to make inferences about the population based on sample data. It allows us to say whether
difference is significant. They infer or draw a conclusion, based on laws of probability.
Mode
Median--doesnt take into consideration outliers
Mean ANS Differential:
The __ is the number that occurs most fq in distribution. In the following, it is 53: 50, 51, 52, 53, 53, 53, 54,
54, 55. Most popular value.
The __ is the point in a distribution that divides scores in half. Consider: 2 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9--it would be 4.5.
The __ equals the sum of all values divided by the number of participants. Referred to as the average.
Standard deviation ANS Differential:
Like the mean, the __is calculated based on every value in a distribution. Summarizes the average amount of
deviation of values from the mean. It is abbreviated as s or SD. The mean tells us the best value for
summarizing an entire distribution, and an SD tells us how much on avg the scores deviate from the mean. It
can be interpreted as our degree of error when we use a mean to describe entire sample. +1 or -1 means person
achieved higher or lower score than 68%, +2 or -2 is 95%, and +3 or -3 is 99%.
Crosstabulated ANS A crosstabs table or contingency table is a two dimensional fq distribution in which
the fq of the two variables are __. Used for nominal or ordinal data.
W M Total
Non smoker:n=10 45% n=6 27% n=16 36%
, Nominal measurement
Interval measurement ANS Statistical operations depend on a variable's level of measurement. There are
four major classes or levels of measurement. __ is the lowest level, involves using numbers simply to
categorize attributes. Gender and blood type are examples of this. Ordinal measurement ranks people based on
relative standing on an attribute, for ex: ADL: 1=complete dependent, 2=need another person for assist, 3=need
mechanical assist, 4=complete independent=numbers signify incremental ability to perform ADL. __ occurs
when researchers can rank ppl on an attribute and specify the distance between them, for ex: standardized test a
140 is higher than 120, which is higher than 100--measurements can be avg. Finally, ratio measurement is the
highest level, they have a meaningful zero and thus provide info about absolute magnitude of the attribute. The
Fahrenheit scale has a zero and weight scale and pulse has a zero. 60 degrees is twice as hot as 30 and 200 lbs
is twice as heavy as 100. It can go into the negatives*
Negative or inverse relationship
Positive relationship ANS Correlation coefficients between .00 and -1.00 express a __. One variable
increases in value as the other decreases in value. (exercise and weight). Correlation coefficients between 0.00
and +1.00 express __. In this, both variables increase (increase calories and weight). The greater the absolute
value is, the stronger the relationship (disregard signs): -.45 is stronger than +.40.
.05; .05 ANS Statistical hypothesis testing uses objective criteria for deciding whether research hypotheses
should be accepted as true or rejected as false. The null hypothesis states there is no relationship between the
independent and dependent variable. If p value is less than __ than you are going to reject the null hypothesis
because it shows there is a difference so its significant. If it were greater than __ than you would accept the
null hypothesis, because it shows no difference between the IV and DV; could have happened by chance, so it
is true. The greater is rises above, the less significant it is.
Type 1 error; type 2 error ANS Researchers make a __ when they reject a null hypothesis that is in fact
true. It is a false positive. Researchers control the risk for this by selecting a level of significance, which is the
probability of making a Type 1 error. Two most fq used are alpha .05 and .01--the risk is lower w .01. Sates
that w 100 samples, either it would be wrongly rejected 5 or 1 time. A __ is when you accept a false null
hypothesis.
P value ANS The __ shows the actual probability that the relationship being tested is due to chance. For
example is it is .025, then this means less than 3 times out of 100 would a group difference occur by chance.
Then it is compared to the alpha level; .025 is less than 0.05 so it is significant--anything greater than .05
would be nonsignificant. The smaller that p value the more confident we are to reject the null hypothesis. If
<.05 reject the null hypothesis. If greater than .05 accept.
T-test ANS __ is a parametric test for testing the significance of differences in two group mean on an
outcome. The test variable (DV) must be interval level and the IV is categorical (group). If the two mean
scores come from an independent group then perform an independent t-tes (men versus women). If means are
Answers With Latest Updates
Descriptive statistics
Inferential statistics ANS __ are used to synthesize and describe data. It allows us to draw conclusions
from the use of graphs, charts, and so on.
__are used to make inferences about the population based on sample data. It allows us to say whether
difference is significant. They infer or draw a conclusion, based on laws of probability.
Mode
Median--doesnt take into consideration outliers
Mean ANS Differential:
The __ is the number that occurs most fq in distribution. In the following, it is 53: 50, 51, 52, 53, 53, 53, 54,
54, 55. Most popular value.
The __ is the point in a distribution that divides scores in half. Consider: 2 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9--it would be 4.5.
The __ equals the sum of all values divided by the number of participants. Referred to as the average.
Standard deviation ANS Differential:
Like the mean, the __is calculated based on every value in a distribution. Summarizes the average amount of
deviation of values from the mean. It is abbreviated as s or SD. The mean tells us the best value for
summarizing an entire distribution, and an SD tells us how much on avg the scores deviate from the mean. It
can be interpreted as our degree of error when we use a mean to describe entire sample. +1 or -1 means person
achieved higher or lower score than 68%, +2 or -2 is 95%, and +3 or -3 is 99%.
Crosstabulated ANS A crosstabs table or contingency table is a two dimensional fq distribution in which
the fq of the two variables are __. Used for nominal or ordinal data.
W M Total
Non smoker:n=10 45% n=6 27% n=16 36%
, Nominal measurement
Interval measurement ANS Statistical operations depend on a variable's level of measurement. There are
four major classes or levels of measurement. __ is the lowest level, involves using numbers simply to
categorize attributes. Gender and blood type are examples of this. Ordinal measurement ranks people based on
relative standing on an attribute, for ex: ADL: 1=complete dependent, 2=need another person for assist, 3=need
mechanical assist, 4=complete independent=numbers signify incremental ability to perform ADL. __ occurs
when researchers can rank ppl on an attribute and specify the distance between them, for ex: standardized test a
140 is higher than 120, which is higher than 100--measurements can be avg. Finally, ratio measurement is the
highest level, they have a meaningful zero and thus provide info about absolute magnitude of the attribute. The
Fahrenheit scale has a zero and weight scale and pulse has a zero. 60 degrees is twice as hot as 30 and 200 lbs
is twice as heavy as 100. It can go into the negatives*
Negative or inverse relationship
Positive relationship ANS Correlation coefficients between .00 and -1.00 express a __. One variable
increases in value as the other decreases in value. (exercise and weight). Correlation coefficients between 0.00
and +1.00 express __. In this, both variables increase (increase calories and weight). The greater the absolute
value is, the stronger the relationship (disregard signs): -.45 is stronger than +.40.
.05; .05 ANS Statistical hypothesis testing uses objective criteria for deciding whether research hypotheses
should be accepted as true or rejected as false. The null hypothesis states there is no relationship between the
independent and dependent variable. If p value is less than __ than you are going to reject the null hypothesis
because it shows there is a difference so its significant. If it were greater than __ than you would accept the
null hypothesis, because it shows no difference between the IV and DV; could have happened by chance, so it
is true. The greater is rises above, the less significant it is.
Type 1 error; type 2 error ANS Researchers make a __ when they reject a null hypothesis that is in fact
true. It is a false positive. Researchers control the risk for this by selecting a level of significance, which is the
probability of making a Type 1 error. Two most fq used are alpha .05 and .01--the risk is lower w .01. Sates
that w 100 samples, either it would be wrongly rejected 5 or 1 time. A __ is when you accept a false null
hypothesis.
P value ANS The __ shows the actual probability that the relationship being tested is due to chance. For
example is it is .025, then this means less than 3 times out of 100 would a group difference occur by chance.
Then it is compared to the alpha level; .025 is less than 0.05 so it is significant--anything greater than .05
would be nonsignificant. The smaller that p value the more confident we are to reject the null hypothesis. If
<.05 reject the null hypothesis. If greater than .05 accept.
T-test ANS __ is a parametric test for testing the significance of differences in two group mean on an
outcome. The test variable (DV) must be interval level and the IV is categorical (group). If the two mean
scores come from an independent group then perform an independent t-tes (men versus women). If means are
