BMS2052 MIDTERM TEST QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS
microorganisms which cause disease in humans - ANSWER bacteria, yeast,
fungi, viruses, parasites, archaea, prions
common features of archaea with bacteria - ANSWER anucleate cells, cell
envelope, single circular chromosome
common features of archaea with eukaryotes - ANSWER similar DNA
replication, histones and DNA replication enzymes similar
lower, one - ANSWER diversity of archaea found in human body is
substantially ... than bacteria, including representatives of only ... phylum
areas in human body where archaea are found - ANSWER gut, mouth, vagina
archaea most frequently found in - ANSWER extreme conditions
specialised structures important for bacterial pathogenesis - ANSWER capsule,
cell wall, outer membrane, flagellum, pili/fimbriae
bacteria - ANSWER have common feautres, vary in complexity and have many
structural and functional differences with eukaryotes
specialised structures - ANSWER important considerations for infection,
pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment
cell wall location - ANSWER outside plasma membrane
cell wall functions - ANSWER rigid, determines shape of cell, assists with
attachment, protects cell from substances, site of action of some
antibiotics/antibodies
,peptidoglycan - ANSWER polymer of polypeptides, unique to bacteria,
complex carbohydrate, forms strong mesh surrounding cell
percentage of gram positive cell wall that is peptidoglycan - ANSWER 80%
teichoic acid - ANSWER polymer of ribitol or glycerol joined by phosphate
groups
teichoic acid can be covalently connected to either - ANSWER peptidoglycan
or plasma membrane
teichoic acid connected to plasma membrane called - ANSWER lipoteichoic
acid
teichoic acid extends to - ANSWER surface of peptidoglycan
teichoic acid contributes a ... charge to the bacterial cell - ANSWER negative
percentage of gram negative cell wall comprised of peptidoglycan - ANSWER
10-20%
thinness of gram neg cell wall gives cell greater extra ... but also makes it more
prone to ... - ANSWER flexibility, lysis
periplasmic space - ANSWER gram neg have these and not gram pos,
surrounding peptidoglycan layer
periplasmic space is important as a space for - ANSWER reactions for
substances entering cell
gram neg cells have an ... membrane - ANSWER outer
outer membrane - ANSWER complex layer of proteins, lipoproteins and
lipopolysaccharides
LPS - ANSWER lipopolysaccharides
, acids unique to gram pos bacterial cell walls - ANSWER teichoic and
lipoteichoic acids
number of amino acids in peptidoglycan layer - ANSWER 4 (both L and D)
glycan section of peptidoglycan layer made up of 2 alternating sugars, called -
ANSWER NAM and NAG
lipopolysaccharide - ANSWER important part of gram negative cell wall,
polysaccharide chains extending off surface
2 major parts of LPS - ANSWER lipid A and O specific polysaccharide side
chain (O antigen)
Lipid A - ANSWER breaks off and causes immunological response, major,
potent endotoxin
LPS layer is ... for bacterial survival - ANSWER essential
LPS increases ... charge of cell membrane - ANSWER negative
LPS functions - ANSWER acts as protective layer, contributes to structural
integrity of OM and forms permeability layer for certain chemicals, collectively
highly immunological
O antigen - ANSWER evades host defenses
through molecular mimicry and rapid antigenic variation
3 types of atypical bacterial cell walls - ANSWER completely lack
peptidoglycan, lack cell wall altogether, unique/atypical outer membrane
e.g.s of bacteria that completely lack peptidoglycan - ANSWER chlamydiae
and planctomycetes
it is ... why some bacteria completely lack peptidoglycan - ANSWER unknown
bacteria that completely lack peptidoglycan - ANSWER stain Gram negative
and have a typical OM
CORRECT ANSWERS
microorganisms which cause disease in humans - ANSWER bacteria, yeast,
fungi, viruses, parasites, archaea, prions
common features of archaea with bacteria - ANSWER anucleate cells, cell
envelope, single circular chromosome
common features of archaea with eukaryotes - ANSWER similar DNA
replication, histones and DNA replication enzymes similar
lower, one - ANSWER diversity of archaea found in human body is
substantially ... than bacteria, including representatives of only ... phylum
areas in human body where archaea are found - ANSWER gut, mouth, vagina
archaea most frequently found in - ANSWER extreme conditions
specialised structures important for bacterial pathogenesis - ANSWER capsule,
cell wall, outer membrane, flagellum, pili/fimbriae
bacteria - ANSWER have common feautres, vary in complexity and have many
structural and functional differences with eukaryotes
specialised structures - ANSWER important considerations for infection,
pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment
cell wall location - ANSWER outside plasma membrane
cell wall functions - ANSWER rigid, determines shape of cell, assists with
attachment, protects cell from substances, site of action of some
antibiotics/antibodies
,peptidoglycan - ANSWER polymer of polypeptides, unique to bacteria,
complex carbohydrate, forms strong mesh surrounding cell
percentage of gram positive cell wall that is peptidoglycan - ANSWER 80%
teichoic acid - ANSWER polymer of ribitol or glycerol joined by phosphate
groups
teichoic acid can be covalently connected to either - ANSWER peptidoglycan
or plasma membrane
teichoic acid connected to plasma membrane called - ANSWER lipoteichoic
acid
teichoic acid extends to - ANSWER surface of peptidoglycan
teichoic acid contributes a ... charge to the bacterial cell - ANSWER negative
percentage of gram negative cell wall comprised of peptidoglycan - ANSWER
10-20%
thinness of gram neg cell wall gives cell greater extra ... but also makes it more
prone to ... - ANSWER flexibility, lysis
periplasmic space - ANSWER gram neg have these and not gram pos,
surrounding peptidoglycan layer
periplasmic space is important as a space for - ANSWER reactions for
substances entering cell
gram neg cells have an ... membrane - ANSWER outer
outer membrane - ANSWER complex layer of proteins, lipoproteins and
lipopolysaccharides
LPS - ANSWER lipopolysaccharides
, acids unique to gram pos bacterial cell walls - ANSWER teichoic and
lipoteichoic acids
number of amino acids in peptidoglycan layer - ANSWER 4 (both L and D)
glycan section of peptidoglycan layer made up of 2 alternating sugars, called -
ANSWER NAM and NAG
lipopolysaccharide - ANSWER important part of gram negative cell wall,
polysaccharide chains extending off surface
2 major parts of LPS - ANSWER lipid A and O specific polysaccharide side
chain (O antigen)
Lipid A - ANSWER breaks off and causes immunological response, major,
potent endotoxin
LPS layer is ... for bacterial survival - ANSWER essential
LPS increases ... charge of cell membrane - ANSWER negative
LPS functions - ANSWER acts as protective layer, contributes to structural
integrity of OM and forms permeability layer for certain chemicals, collectively
highly immunological
O antigen - ANSWER evades host defenses
through molecular mimicry and rapid antigenic variation
3 types of atypical bacterial cell walls - ANSWER completely lack
peptidoglycan, lack cell wall altogether, unique/atypical outer membrane
e.g.s of bacteria that completely lack peptidoglycan - ANSWER chlamydiae
and planctomycetes
it is ... why some bacteria completely lack peptidoglycan - ANSWER unknown
bacteria that completely lack peptidoglycan - ANSWER stain Gram negative
and have a typical OM
