HAP Final Exam 2025 Questions and
Answers
Receptors & Stimuli - ANSWER✔✔-located at the peripheral end of an afferent neuron (PNS) that
responds to a stimuli
Receptors & Stimuli - ANSWER✔✔-Converts the energy of the stimuli (GP) into an AP that is
transmitted to the CNS
Receptors & Stimuli - ANSWER✔✔-Specialized to respond to a specific type of stimuli - a change
in the environment detectable by the body - variety of energy forms
Types of receptors - ANSWER✔✔-a. photoreceptors
b. mechanoreceptors
c. thermoreceptors
d. osmoreceptors
e. chemoreceptors
f. nociceptors
photoreceptors - ANSWER✔✔-respond to visible wavelengths of light
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,mechanoreceptors - ANSWER✔✔-sensitive to mechanical energy
thermoreceptors - ANSWER✔✔-sensitive to heat and cold
osmoreceptors - ANSWER✔✔-detect changes in solute concentration in body fluid
chemoreceptors - ANSWER✔✔-sensitive to specific chemicals
nociceptors - ANSWER✔✔-pain receptors- sensitive to tissue damage: pinching, burning, distortion
Receptors can be classified by location - ANSWER✔✔-a. exteroreceptors
b. interoceptors
c. propioceptors
exteroceptors - ANSWER✔✔-sensitive to stimuli arising from outside the body
interoceptors - ANSWER✔✔-sensitive to stimuli located within the body
propioceptors - ANSWER✔✔-located within skeletal muscle, tendons, joints, - monitor body
movement and inform the brain of those movement
Two levels of complexity - ANSWER✔✔-a. simple receptors b. complex receptors
simple receptors - ANSWER✔✔-a. modified dendritic endings of sensory neurons
b. monitor most types of general sensory information
Complex receptors - ANSWER✔✔-a. actually sense organs
b. localized collection of cells (of different types_ associated with the special senses
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,Simple Receptors: unencapsulated dendritic endings - ANSWER✔✔-a. possess free or naked nerve
endings
b. abundant in epithelia and CT
c. most are unmyelinated
unencapsulated dendritic endings - ANSWER✔✔-Examples:a. thermoreceptors
b. nocireceptors
c. light touch receptors - mechanoreceptors
d. chemoreceptors - itch, pH
Simple receptors: encapsulated dendritic free endings - ANSWER✔✔-a. enclosed in a CT capsule
b. almost all are mechanoreceptors
encapsulated dendritic free endings - ANSWER✔✔-Examples:a. Meissner's corpuscles
b. Pacinian corpuscles
c. Ruffini endings & Golgi tendon organs
d. Joint kinesthetic receptorse. muscle spindles
Simple receptors: encapsulated: Meissner's corpuscles - ANSWER✔✔-light and discriminitive
touch, located in "hairless" skin
Simple receptors: encapsulated: Pacinian corpuscles - ANSWER✔✔-stimulated by deep pressure,
located deep in the dermis
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, Simple receptors: encapsulated: Ruffini endings & Golgi tendon organs - ANSWER✔✔-
proprioceptors in the dermis and tendons, respectively
Simple receptors: encapsulated: Joint kinesthetic receptors - ANSWER✔✔-proprioceptors in the
articular capsules of joints
Simple receptors: encapsulated: muscle spindles - ANSWER✔✔-proprioceptors located in skeletal
muscle
Perception - ANSWER✔✔-conscious awareness of surroundings ( sensation) derived from
interpretation of sensory input
Is the world as we perceive it reality? - ANSWER✔✔-No
a. what we detect is what we can process- if we lack receptors, the brain can not know
b. the brain is responsible for accentuating, distorting, manipulating input to extract the import data
Organization of the somatosensory system:Three main levels of neural integration - ANSWER✔✔-
Processing of sensory input occurs at all 3 levels
a. Receptor level - sensory receptors
b. Circuit level - ascending pathways
c. Perceptual level - neuronal circuits in the cerebral cortex
Neural integration: receptor level processing - ANSWER✔✔-a. the stimulus energy must match the
specificity of the receptor
b. stimulus must be applied within the receptor's repetive field
FOR STUDY PURPOSES ONLY COPYRIGHT © 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 4
Answers
Receptors & Stimuli - ANSWER✔✔-located at the peripheral end of an afferent neuron (PNS) that
responds to a stimuli
Receptors & Stimuli - ANSWER✔✔-Converts the energy of the stimuli (GP) into an AP that is
transmitted to the CNS
Receptors & Stimuli - ANSWER✔✔-Specialized to respond to a specific type of stimuli - a change
in the environment detectable by the body - variety of energy forms
Types of receptors - ANSWER✔✔-a. photoreceptors
b. mechanoreceptors
c. thermoreceptors
d. osmoreceptors
e. chemoreceptors
f. nociceptors
photoreceptors - ANSWER✔✔-respond to visible wavelengths of light
FOR STUDY PURPOSES ONLY COPYRIGHT © 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
,mechanoreceptors - ANSWER✔✔-sensitive to mechanical energy
thermoreceptors - ANSWER✔✔-sensitive to heat and cold
osmoreceptors - ANSWER✔✔-detect changes in solute concentration in body fluid
chemoreceptors - ANSWER✔✔-sensitive to specific chemicals
nociceptors - ANSWER✔✔-pain receptors- sensitive to tissue damage: pinching, burning, distortion
Receptors can be classified by location - ANSWER✔✔-a. exteroreceptors
b. interoceptors
c. propioceptors
exteroceptors - ANSWER✔✔-sensitive to stimuli arising from outside the body
interoceptors - ANSWER✔✔-sensitive to stimuli located within the body
propioceptors - ANSWER✔✔-located within skeletal muscle, tendons, joints, - monitor body
movement and inform the brain of those movement
Two levels of complexity - ANSWER✔✔-a. simple receptors b. complex receptors
simple receptors - ANSWER✔✔-a. modified dendritic endings of sensory neurons
b. monitor most types of general sensory information
Complex receptors - ANSWER✔✔-a. actually sense organs
b. localized collection of cells (of different types_ associated with the special senses
FOR STUDY PURPOSES ONLY COPYRIGHT © 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
,Simple Receptors: unencapsulated dendritic endings - ANSWER✔✔-a. possess free or naked nerve
endings
b. abundant in epithelia and CT
c. most are unmyelinated
unencapsulated dendritic endings - ANSWER✔✔-Examples:a. thermoreceptors
b. nocireceptors
c. light touch receptors - mechanoreceptors
d. chemoreceptors - itch, pH
Simple receptors: encapsulated dendritic free endings - ANSWER✔✔-a. enclosed in a CT capsule
b. almost all are mechanoreceptors
encapsulated dendritic free endings - ANSWER✔✔-Examples:a. Meissner's corpuscles
b. Pacinian corpuscles
c. Ruffini endings & Golgi tendon organs
d. Joint kinesthetic receptorse. muscle spindles
Simple receptors: encapsulated: Meissner's corpuscles - ANSWER✔✔-light and discriminitive
touch, located in "hairless" skin
Simple receptors: encapsulated: Pacinian corpuscles - ANSWER✔✔-stimulated by deep pressure,
located deep in the dermis
FOR STUDY PURPOSES ONLY COPYRIGHT © 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3
, Simple receptors: encapsulated: Ruffini endings & Golgi tendon organs - ANSWER✔✔-
proprioceptors in the dermis and tendons, respectively
Simple receptors: encapsulated: Joint kinesthetic receptors - ANSWER✔✔-proprioceptors in the
articular capsules of joints
Simple receptors: encapsulated: muscle spindles - ANSWER✔✔-proprioceptors located in skeletal
muscle
Perception - ANSWER✔✔-conscious awareness of surroundings ( sensation) derived from
interpretation of sensory input
Is the world as we perceive it reality? - ANSWER✔✔-No
a. what we detect is what we can process- if we lack receptors, the brain can not know
b. the brain is responsible for accentuating, distorting, manipulating input to extract the import data
Organization of the somatosensory system:Three main levels of neural integration - ANSWER✔✔-
Processing of sensory input occurs at all 3 levels
a. Receptor level - sensory receptors
b. Circuit level - ascending pathways
c. Perceptual level - neuronal circuits in the cerebral cortex
Neural integration: receptor level processing - ANSWER✔✔-a. the stimulus energy must match the
specificity of the receptor
b. stimulus must be applied within the receptor's repetive field
FOR STUDY PURPOSES ONLY COPYRIGHT © 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 4
