BIOL 2302 Kasparian Final Exam Review|Questions
With Correct Answers|Verified
The main functional organs of the urinary system are.... - ✔️kidneys
The temporary storage reservoir for urine following filtration is... - ✔️urinary bladder
The paired organs that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder are.... -
✔️ureters
The transport lumen that transports urine from the bladder out of the body is the.... -
✔️urethra
How much blood does the kidney filter daily? - ✔️200 liters
What are the function of the kidneys - ✔️- allow the expulsion of toxins, metabolic
wastes, and excess ions
- regulate volume and chemical make up of the blood
- maintain proper balance between water and salts, and acids and bases
- activation of vitamin D
During prolonged fasting (deprivation of nutrients), kidneys will undergo what process to
produce energy for the body? - ✔️gluconeogenesis
Which chemical released from he kidneys helps regulate blood pressure? - ✔️renin
What hormone released from the kidney helps stimulate RBC production? -
✔️erythropoietin
The region of the kidneys in which ureters, renal blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and
nerves enter is called.... - ✔️hilus
The fibrous structure that surrounds the kidney and prevents kidney infections is
called... - ✔️renal capsule
The fatty mass that cushions the kidney and attaches it the body cavity wall is called.... -
✔️adipose capsule
The outer layer of dense fibrous connective tissue that anchors kidney is called.... -
✔️renal fascia
,The light colored, granular superficial region of the kidney is called... - ✔️cortex
The part of the kidney that has cone-shaped pyramids separated by columns is called...
- ✔️medulla
The flat funnel shaped tube lateral to the hilus within the renal sinus is called... -
✔️renal pelvis
The large branches of the renal pelvis that collect urine and empty it into the pelvis are
called... - ✔️major calyces
What is the nerve supply of the kidneys? - ✔️renal plexus
The structural and functional units that form urine in the kidneys are.... - ✔️nephrons
What are the components of the nephrons? - ✔️- glomerulus
- glomerular capsule
- renal tubules
What are the three renal tubules? - ✔️- proximal convoluted tubule
- Loop of Henle
- Distal convoluted tubule
The tuft of capillaries associated with a renal tubule is called... - ✔️glomerulus
the cup-shaped end of the renal tubes that completely surrounds the glomerulus is
called... - ✔️glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
The complex of both the glomerulus and capsule is called.... - ✔️renal corpuscle
The fenestrate epithelium that allows solute-rich and protein free filtrate to pass from the
blood into the glomerular capsule is..... - ✔️glomerular endothelium
The structural layer of the glomerular capsule is the... - ✔️external parietal layer
The layer of the glomerular capsule that consists of modified epithelial cells called
podocytes that function in producing filtrate is the.... - ✔️visceral layer
Cells with octopus-like extensions that form the filtration slits for filtration to occur are... -
✔️podocytes
The openings between foot processes of podocytes that allow filtrate to pass into the
capsular space is.... - ✔️filtration slits
,Which structures compose of the three layers of the filtration membrane? - ✔️-
Fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillaries
- visceral membrane of podocytes
- basement membrane composed of fused basal laminae and other layers
Which renal tubule is composed of cuboidal cells that reabsorb water and solutes from
the filtrate and secrete some substances located closest to glomerulus? - ✔️proximal
convoluted tubule (PCT)
Which renal tubule is hairpin-shaped that descends deep into the kidney that helps
regulate the osmolarity of the filtrate? - ✔️Loop of Henle
Which renal tubule consists of cuboidal cells without microvilli that function more in
secretion than reabsorption? - ✔️Distal convoluted tubule
The thin segment of the Loop of Henle is made of what type of tissue? - ✔️simple
squamous epithelium
The thick segment of the loop of Henle consists of what type of tissues? - ✔️Cuboidal
followed by columnar epithelium
What are the two cells found in convoluted tubules? - ✔️- intercalated cells
-principal cells
Which tubule cells are cuboidal with microvilli and function to maintain the acid-base
balance of the body? - ✔️Intercalated cells
Which tubule cells cuboidal cells without microvilli that help maintain the body's water
and salt balance? - ✔️Principal cells
What class of nephrons consists of 85% of all nephrons located in the cortex? -
✔️cortical nephrons
Which class of nephrons are located at the cortex-medulla junction in which the loop of
Henle penetrates the medulla with an extensive thin segment and produces
concentrated urine? - ✔️juxtamedullary nephrons
What are the two capillary beds that feed the nephron? - ✔️-glomerulus
-peritubular capillaries
, Why is the blood pressure in the glomerulus high? - ✔️- high resistance vessels
- afferent have larger diameters than efferent arterioles
What is the function of glomerular capillaries? - ✔️allows fluids and solutes are forced
out of the blood and filtered into the nephron
What is the function of peritubular beds? - ✔️allow for reabsorption of nutrients from
the convoluted tubules
Which long efferent vessel wraps and reabsorbs nutrients from the juxtamedullary
nephrons? - ✔️vasa recta
What is the function of resistance in the afferent arterioles? - ✔️protect glomeruli from
fluctuations in systemic blood pressure
What is the function of resistance in efferent arterioles? - ✔️- reinforces high
glomerular pressure
- reduces hydrostatic pressure in the peritubular capillaries to allow to reabsorption of
nutrients
Which structure is located where the distal convoluted table lies against the afferent
arterioles to give feedback to blood pressure and chemistry of the blood? -
✔️juxtaglomerular apparatus
What structure of the juxtaglomerular apparatus is enlarged smooth muscle cells that
contain secretory granules of renin that are secreted due to changes in stretch by
mechanoreceptors? - ✔️juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells)
What structure of juxtaglomerular apparatus is a closely packed DCT cells that lie
adjacent to JG cells that function as chemoreceptors and osmoreceptors that detect
changes in osmolarity and pH? - ✔️Macula densa
What structure of the juxtaglomerular apparatus have phagocytic and contractile
properties that influence changes in capillary filtration? - ✔️mesangial cells
How many times does the kidney filter the body's plasma per day? - ✔️60 times
What are the components of the filtrate? - ✔️- all plasma components except protein,
such as water, nutrients, essential ions
What are the three mechanisms that control and adjust blood composition and urine
formation? - ✔️- glomerular filtration
With Correct Answers|Verified
The main functional organs of the urinary system are.... - ✔️kidneys
The temporary storage reservoir for urine following filtration is... - ✔️urinary bladder
The paired organs that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder are.... -
✔️ureters
The transport lumen that transports urine from the bladder out of the body is the.... -
✔️urethra
How much blood does the kidney filter daily? - ✔️200 liters
What are the function of the kidneys - ✔️- allow the expulsion of toxins, metabolic
wastes, and excess ions
- regulate volume and chemical make up of the blood
- maintain proper balance between water and salts, and acids and bases
- activation of vitamin D
During prolonged fasting (deprivation of nutrients), kidneys will undergo what process to
produce energy for the body? - ✔️gluconeogenesis
Which chemical released from he kidneys helps regulate blood pressure? - ✔️renin
What hormone released from the kidney helps stimulate RBC production? -
✔️erythropoietin
The region of the kidneys in which ureters, renal blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and
nerves enter is called.... - ✔️hilus
The fibrous structure that surrounds the kidney and prevents kidney infections is
called... - ✔️renal capsule
The fatty mass that cushions the kidney and attaches it the body cavity wall is called.... -
✔️adipose capsule
The outer layer of dense fibrous connective tissue that anchors kidney is called.... -
✔️renal fascia
,The light colored, granular superficial region of the kidney is called... - ✔️cortex
The part of the kidney that has cone-shaped pyramids separated by columns is called...
- ✔️medulla
The flat funnel shaped tube lateral to the hilus within the renal sinus is called... -
✔️renal pelvis
The large branches of the renal pelvis that collect urine and empty it into the pelvis are
called... - ✔️major calyces
What is the nerve supply of the kidneys? - ✔️renal plexus
The structural and functional units that form urine in the kidneys are.... - ✔️nephrons
What are the components of the nephrons? - ✔️- glomerulus
- glomerular capsule
- renal tubules
What are the three renal tubules? - ✔️- proximal convoluted tubule
- Loop of Henle
- Distal convoluted tubule
The tuft of capillaries associated with a renal tubule is called... - ✔️glomerulus
the cup-shaped end of the renal tubes that completely surrounds the glomerulus is
called... - ✔️glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
The complex of both the glomerulus and capsule is called.... - ✔️renal corpuscle
The fenestrate epithelium that allows solute-rich and protein free filtrate to pass from the
blood into the glomerular capsule is..... - ✔️glomerular endothelium
The structural layer of the glomerular capsule is the... - ✔️external parietal layer
The layer of the glomerular capsule that consists of modified epithelial cells called
podocytes that function in producing filtrate is the.... - ✔️visceral layer
Cells with octopus-like extensions that form the filtration slits for filtration to occur are... -
✔️podocytes
The openings between foot processes of podocytes that allow filtrate to pass into the
capsular space is.... - ✔️filtration slits
,Which structures compose of the three layers of the filtration membrane? - ✔️-
Fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillaries
- visceral membrane of podocytes
- basement membrane composed of fused basal laminae and other layers
Which renal tubule is composed of cuboidal cells that reabsorb water and solutes from
the filtrate and secrete some substances located closest to glomerulus? - ✔️proximal
convoluted tubule (PCT)
Which renal tubule is hairpin-shaped that descends deep into the kidney that helps
regulate the osmolarity of the filtrate? - ✔️Loop of Henle
Which renal tubule consists of cuboidal cells without microvilli that function more in
secretion than reabsorption? - ✔️Distal convoluted tubule
The thin segment of the Loop of Henle is made of what type of tissue? - ✔️simple
squamous epithelium
The thick segment of the loop of Henle consists of what type of tissues? - ✔️Cuboidal
followed by columnar epithelium
What are the two cells found in convoluted tubules? - ✔️- intercalated cells
-principal cells
Which tubule cells are cuboidal with microvilli and function to maintain the acid-base
balance of the body? - ✔️Intercalated cells
Which tubule cells cuboidal cells without microvilli that help maintain the body's water
and salt balance? - ✔️Principal cells
What class of nephrons consists of 85% of all nephrons located in the cortex? -
✔️cortical nephrons
Which class of nephrons are located at the cortex-medulla junction in which the loop of
Henle penetrates the medulla with an extensive thin segment and produces
concentrated urine? - ✔️juxtamedullary nephrons
What are the two capillary beds that feed the nephron? - ✔️-glomerulus
-peritubular capillaries
, Why is the blood pressure in the glomerulus high? - ✔️- high resistance vessels
- afferent have larger diameters than efferent arterioles
What is the function of glomerular capillaries? - ✔️allows fluids and solutes are forced
out of the blood and filtered into the nephron
What is the function of peritubular beds? - ✔️allow for reabsorption of nutrients from
the convoluted tubules
Which long efferent vessel wraps and reabsorbs nutrients from the juxtamedullary
nephrons? - ✔️vasa recta
What is the function of resistance in the afferent arterioles? - ✔️protect glomeruli from
fluctuations in systemic blood pressure
What is the function of resistance in efferent arterioles? - ✔️- reinforces high
glomerular pressure
- reduces hydrostatic pressure in the peritubular capillaries to allow to reabsorption of
nutrients
Which structure is located where the distal convoluted table lies against the afferent
arterioles to give feedback to blood pressure and chemistry of the blood? -
✔️juxtaglomerular apparatus
What structure of the juxtaglomerular apparatus is enlarged smooth muscle cells that
contain secretory granules of renin that are secreted due to changes in stretch by
mechanoreceptors? - ✔️juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells)
What structure of juxtaglomerular apparatus is a closely packed DCT cells that lie
adjacent to JG cells that function as chemoreceptors and osmoreceptors that detect
changes in osmolarity and pH? - ✔️Macula densa
What structure of the juxtaglomerular apparatus have phagocytic and contractile
properties that influence changes in capillary filtration? - ✔️mesangial cells
How many times does the kidney filter the body's plasma per day? - ✔️60 times
What are the components of the filtrate? - ✔️- all plasma components except protein,
such as water, nutrients, essential ions
What are the three mechanisms that control and adjust blood composition and urine
formation? - ✔️- glomerular filtration
