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Samenvatting Metabolisme

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Deze samenvatting geeft een overzichtelijk en beknopt beeld van de belangrijkste metabole routes, zoals glycolyse, citroenzuurcyclus, oxidatieve fosforylering, lipiden- en eiwitmetabolisme. Inclusief schema’s van pathways, regulatiemechanismen, energiebalans en koppelingen tussen verschillende processen.

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Metabolisme
Les 1: Metabolisme, ATP, ΔG & biochemische ΔG
Complexe moleculen Complexe moleculen




Anabolisme
Katabolisme




Ener A
gie TP
NAD
e- H
NAD
PH
Eenvoudige FAD
moleculen Eenvoudige moleculen
H2
→ geldt enkel voor heterotrofe organismen
Heterotroof = energie halen uit voedsel
Autotroof = energie halen uit de zon of andere chemische stoffen
Chemoautotroof = energie halen uit de oxidatie van gereduceerde verbindingen

Om energie te kunnen gebruiken hebben we een energiedrager nodig
→ ATP = adeninetrifosfaat




=P
De energie wordt in de fosfo-anhydrische bindingen bewaard
→ als die gebroken worden komt er energie vrij → ATP → ADP → AMP
→ ATP bevat 2,5 fosfo-anhydrische binding ⇒ ΔG°’ = -7,5 kcal/mol

ATP + H2O ⇆ ADP + Pi + H+ ΔG°’ = -7,5 kcal/mol
ADP + H2O ⇆ AMP + Pi + H+ΔG°’ = -7,5 kcal/mol

ATP + H2O ⇆ AMP + PPi + H+ ΔG°’ = -7,5 kcal/mol
PPi + H2O ⇆ 2Pi + H +
ΔG°’ = -7,5 kcal/mol

ATP is geen stabiele molecule door de 3 dicht bij elkaar gelegen negatieve ladingen
→ makkelijk af te breken maar energie kan ook zomaar ontsnappen
⇒ stabilisatie met Mg2+
ΔG = verandering in Gibbs vrije energie
GA & GB zijn niet meetbaar
[B]
ΔG = ΔG° + RT ln ( )
[A]
→ variabel
[B]e
Bij evenwicht: ΔG = 0 = ΔG° + RT ln ( )
[ A ]e

, [B]e
⇒ ΔG° = -RT ln ( )
[ A ]e
→ evenwichtsconstante

Mogelijke waarden van ΔG°:
● A ⇆ B met [B]e >> [A]e
○ aflopende reactie
[B]e [B]e
○ >> 1 ⇒ ln ( ) >> 0
[ A ]e [ A ]e
○ ΔG° < 0
● A ⇆ B met [B]e << [A]e
○ niet-aflopende reactie
[B]e [B]e
○ << 1 ⇒ ln ( ) << 0
[ A ]e [ A ]e
○ ΔG° > 0

ΔG’ = biochemische ΔG
→ bestaat enkel bij pH = 7
→ is gelijk aan ΔG als er geen H+ betrokken is bij de reactie

,Les 2: Resonantiecanonieken ATP, fysiologische ΔG,
energielading van de cel, gekoppelde reacties, energierijke
verbindingen & biochemische redox
Resonantiecanonieken van ATP:


Adenosine ⇆ +
3 x 2 x 2 = 12 4 x 3 x 2 = 24
→ lage entropie → hoge entropie

Maximale entropie = log2 (#staten)

Fysiologische ΔG’ van ATP hydrolyse:
ATP + H2O ⇆ ADP + Pi + H+ ΔG°’ = -7,5 kcal/mol
→ ΔG’ = ΔG°’ + RT ln ([ ADP ][Pi ]¿ ¿)
→ [ADP] = 0.26 x 10-6 M
[ATP] = 8.5 x 10-3 M
[Pi] = 2.6 x 10-3 M
[H+] = 10-7 M
[H2O] = 55 M
→ ΔG’ = -7,5 kcal/mol + (- 7,5 kcal/mol) = 15 kcal/mol

1
[ ATP] x [ ADP]
Energielading van de cel: 2 = [0,85 ; 0,95]
[ ATP ]+[ AMP]+[ ADP]
Enzymactiviteit




Kat
abo
ol
Anabo
ol
Energieladi
Gekoppelde ngreacties = het omzetten van niet-aflopende reacties in aflopende reacties door
verbruik van ATP

A⇆B ΔG°’ = 3 kcal/mol
ATP + H2O ⇆ ADP + Pi + H+ ΔG°’ = -7,5 kcal/mol

A + ATP + H2O ⇆ B + ADP + Pi + H+ ΔG°’ = 3 kcal/mol + (-7,5 kcal/mol)
= - 4,5 kcal/mol
ΔG°’ < 0 ⇒ aflopend

C⇆D ΔG°’ = -10 kcal/mol
ADP + Pi + H+ ⇆ ATP + H2O ΔG°’ = 7,5 kcal/ mol

C + ADP + Pi + H+ ⇆ D + ATP + H2O ΔG°’ = -10 kcal/mol + 7,5 kcal/mol
= -2,5 kcal/mol

, Energierijke verbindingen:
● Fosfocarbonzuuranhydriden




ΔG°’ = -10,1 kcal/mol




● Fosfo-enolpyruvaat




ΔG°’ = -3,3 kcal/mol




ΔG°’ = -8 kcal/mol


ΔG°’T = -11,3 kcal/mol


● Fosfoguaniden

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