ECO 1103 -All Quizzes 1-12, Questions & Answers_.

ECO 1103 -All Quizzes 1-12, Questions & Answers_2025. QUIZ 1 (30Q) 1 Today the most inclusive term in general usage in Canada is “Aboriginal” (Indigenous) 2 All First Nations people have Status 3 The legal definition in Canada of who has “Indian status” is based on the Queen’s Act 4 Métis are people with mixed First Nation and European ancestry, distinct from First Nations, Inuit, or Non-Aboriginal people 5 Having Canadian citizenship automatically means that a person loses Indian status 6 There are less than 600 bands in Canada (604) 7 The unemployment rate for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders was four times that of the average in Australia in 2012. 8 The utility function is at the heart of economic theory 9 Economics is the study of how we as individuals and a society manage scarce resources 10 The UN has an official commonly accepted definition for indigenous people 11 A Inuit person is known as an Inuk 12 The COVID-19 case fatality rate among First Nations people living on a reserve was higher than the case fatality rate of the general Canadian Population 13 The intermarriages arising from the fur trade played a significant role in the creation of the Métis people 14 Only 16% of Aboriginals in Canada could speak on Aboriginal languages as of 2016 15 According to reading material, western education helped preserve indigenous values 16 Status Indians have rights and benefits that are not granted to unregistered indigenous persons 17 The utility function is maximized subject to the cost function 18 In the USA blood quantum laws determine eligibility criteria 19 The is no exact legal definitions for Aboriginals in Australia 20 Maori have ethnic links with Taiwanese Indigenous peoples 21 ON is the province with the largest TOTAL number of indigenous peoples in canada 22 The IWGIA estimates that there are up to 370 million indigenous people worldwide 23 - In 2016, there were 1,673,785 Aboriginal people in Canada, accounting for 4.9% of the total population 24 The indian Register is the official record of status indians or registered indians in canada 25 PEI in the province with the smallest number of indigenous peoples in Canada 26 Inuit and Métis are granted Status in Canada27 BC is the province with the smallest number of indigenous peoples in Canada 28 The University of Ottawa lies on the traditional land of the Algonquin people 29 Indigenous peoples inhabited Canada for less than 6000 years prior to European contact 30 There are three indigenous groups in Australia 31 First Nations cannot have their own membership criteria 32 Constitution (section 35.2) recognizes three types of Aboriginal peoples in Canada: Natives Inuit Métis 33 The median income of American Indians is greater than the national average 34 According to reading material, western education helped preserve indigenous values 35 The legal definition in Canada of who has "Indian status" based on the Queen's Act 36 The indigenous population of Canada is growing. In 20 years, the indigenous population is likely to exceed 2.5 million persons. 37 Michif is the ancestral language of the Metis Nation 38 There is no exact legal definition for Aboriginals in Australia 39 Indigenous people inhabited Canada for less than 6000 years prior to European contact. 40 The IWGIA estimates there are up to 370 million indigenous people worldwide 41 The average age for Aboriginals in Canada is higher than the average for Non-Aboriginals 42 An Inuit person is known as an Inuk 43 The UN has an official commonly accepted definition for indigenous people. 44 The COVID-19 case fatality rate among First Nations people living on a reserve was higher than the case fatality rate of the general Canadian Population 45 Only 16% of Aboriginals in Canada could speak an Aboriginal language as of 2016. 46 All First Nations peoples have Status 47 The Indian Act (1876) established the Reserve System in Canada 48 PEI is the province with the smallest number of indigenous peoples in Canada 49 Aboriginal Economics assumes that all groups of people have the same structures for their rational behaviour and incentives. 50 The growth of the indigenous population in Australia is mostly due to self-identification 51 The Indian Act is considered to be paternalistic? 52 Today the most inclusive term in general usage in Canada is "Aboriginal." 53 The Indian Register is the official record of Status Indians or Registered Indians in Canada.54 In 2016, there were 1,673,785 Aboriginal people in Canada, accounting for 4.9% of the total population. 55 Métis are people with mixed First Nation and European ancestry, distinct from First Nations, Inuit, or non-Aboriginal people. 56 The COVID-19 case fatality rate among First Nations people living on a reserve was higher than the case fatality rate of the general Canadian Population. 57 58 59 60 QUIZ 2 (30Q) 1 Monopoly is an example of a market failure 2 Friedman used "as if" argument in realism debates 3 A country's standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services 4 Framing choice does not affect results 5 Natural rate of unemployment in Canada is estimated between 6 and 8 per cent 6 Framing can be used by politicians to alter choices 7 Inuit have the highest life satisfaction in Canada 8 The opportunity cost of any item is what must be given up to obtain it 9 Equity assumes that prosperity is distributed unequally among society's members 10 Natural rate of unemployment refers to a short-run alignment with unemployment data 11 A market economy allocates resources through centralized decisions of many firms and households as the latter interact in markets 12 Incentives include stick and carrot 13 Firms maximize utility 14 A whaling culture provides adequate conditions that are conducive to cooperation among indigenous people 15 Behavioral economics studies the concept of bounded rationality 16 Efficiency assumes that society utilizes any of its scarce resources 17 Governments unexceptionally improve market outcomes 18 Controlling for location shows that non-Aboriginal incomes are lower on reserve 19 In Canada, there is up to 2% annual increase in allocating funds on aboriginal education (as of 2016).20 Ideally, a social planner optimizes social welfare 21 Externality is recognized as one of the reasons for market failure 22 Externality arises when the production or consumption of a good affects other people 23 Productivity is quantified by the average amount of goods and services produced by a worker per hour 24 If a person is waiting for the start date of a new job, then they are unemployed 25 Thaler criticizes "As if" 26 Welfare states are perceived to be less productive than non-welfare states 27 Financial crisis 2008-10 had worse consequences for aboriginal people in Canada than for non-aboriginals 28 Homo economicus optimizes society's well-being as a whole 29 One of the important roles for governments consists of abolishing property rights 30 Inuit have the smallest median income among indigenous people 31 In classical economics, people occasionally make optimal decisions 32 Incentive is a catalyst that induces a person to act: the prospect of a reward or punishment 33 Human capital comprises knowledge and skills workers acquire through education, training, and experience 34 Natural resources include inputs into production that are available, e.g., land and mineral deposits 35 Homo economicus denotes a rational and altruistic person 36 Trade makes everyone better off 37 There is a trade-off between economic well-being and environmental concerns 38 Past expenses are important for rational people 39 Opportunity costs of attending college for a year includes not only tuition, books, and auxiliary fees, but also foregone wages. 40 Market failure refers to situations when markets allocate society's resources efficiently 41 Simon noted, the term "behavioral economics" is a bit odd 42 Simon suggested that people often choose satisfactory solution instead of optimal 43 Adam Smith can be considered as a behavioral economist 44 Marginal changes stand for total adjustments to an existing plan 45 Canada is considered to be a welfare state 46 Forty per cent of Great Britain's growth from was due to improved nutrition 47 Consumers maximize profits48 In 2016, aboriginal unemployment rate was 15.2 per cent 49 Factors of production include profit, consumption and land 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 QUIZ 3 (30Q) 1 Bison was almost hunted to extinction in the Prairies 2 Nisga'a Treaty (1999) was the first modern treaty on the West Coast, which established the Aboriginal title. 3 Thule, Dorset, and Inuit cultures arrived in parts of the Artic archipelago around 900 CE 4 Colonies with a high deadly disease environment had less European settlement, growth-promoting institutions were established in these colonies to protect property rights during colonial rule 5 Policies during the Stolen Generation included the prevention of mixed breeding (to keep aboriginal genes intact). 6 The ideology of the Stolen Generation assumed that aboriginal culture is civilized 7 History is paramount in shaping aboriginal economic development 8 Slavery among indigenous peoples existed before the arrival of Europeans 9 Loss of culture causes a vicious cycle of low social capital and low human capital 10 A potlatch is a festival that celebrates gift-taking practiced by indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast of Canada 11 The Indian Act of 1976 is a part of the Constitution that regulates indigenous governance in Canada. 12 Diseases and frontier violence that were introduced by colonizers in the USA led to mass population loss among the indigenous peoples 13 Bill C-31 eliminated the authority of bands to set their own membership rules 14 Arguably, countries with legal systems based on British common law offer greater investor protection relative to countries with legal systems based on civil law.15 Some historic events may carry permanent effects that include shifts of society or groups within it from one state to another. 16 Aboriginal Australians arrived to Australia between 10,000 to 12,000 years ago 17 Maori settled the islands of New Zealand about 700 years ago 18 Differences in development cannot be explained by initial differences in endowments of land. 19 The ancestors of the Americas indigenous peoples arrived via the Panama land bridge. 20 The Indian Act of 1876 deregulated indigenous governance in Canada 21 The Residential school system in Canada was similar to the policies of the Stolen Generation in Australia and to the policies practised in Russia 22 Tasmanian economic development suffered because of multiple historic events 23 The last Indian residential school was closed in 1988 24 The Encomienda system granted the white colonizers the right to use indigenous labour on their estates or mines in return for protection of the indigenous people from warring tribes. 25 A time of severe extraction causes a temporary movement into a situation of significantly lower income levels. 26 There is a unique steady-state level of capital and income per worker in the Solow model. 27 The Clovis Culture was the origin of most of the USA tribes 28 In theory, Bill C-31 establishes the conditions for continuity of Aboriginal communities 29 The negative correlation between slavery and economic development is being driven by large-scale plantation slavery. 30 Colonies with low European mortality had more adequate conditions for establishing extractive rent-seeking institutions. 31 Children and women were more valuable in the slave trade than men 32 There were up to 5 million Native slaves in the Americas 33 The Inuit group comprises Aleutians, Inuit and Yupik 34 Geneticists estimate that 30 per cent of today's population in Western Canada have some Aboriginal blood. 35 According to the UN working definition of indigenous peoples, indigenous peoples colonized present territories 36 The Russian Empire granted legal rights to native Siberians 37 The Solow model can be used as a framework to explain the experience of the aboriginal Tasmanians 38 Micmac, Ottawa, Nipissing, Ojibway, Cree are all Sioux people 39 Different development experiences of the countries in the Americas cannot be explained by initial differences in endowments of land and geography suitable for growing globally traded crops like sugar, which were best grown on large-scale plantations using slave labor.40 Historically speaking, colonies that were less impacted by deadly diseases had more adequate conditions for growthpromoting institutions to be established. 41 Russian Eskimo are genetically and culturally connected to the Inuit. 42 Mestizaje denotes homogenous ancestry 43 As a rule, indigenous people distrust those outside the tribe. 44 Social capital includes norms and networks that facilitate collective action for mutual benefit 45 Glooscap is the Transformer for Algonquian peoples 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 QUIZ 4 (30Q) 1 According to the 2013 Census, there were 598,605 people of Māori ethnicity living in New Zealand 2 The First Nations population includes only those who are members of a First Nation/Indian Band. 3 Since 2006, the Aboriginal population has grown by 22.7%. 4 In 20 years, the Aboriginal population is likely to exceed 5 million 5 As of 2016, there were 65,025 Inuit in Canada 6 In 2016, the percentage of Indigenous people in Canada was 5.86%. 7 In 2006, 4.8% of the Aboriginal population was 55 years of age and older; by 2016, this proportion had risen to 7.3%.8 Among aboriginal groups, the Inuit underwent the largest increase from 2006 to 2016 9 Aboriginals generally receive less education 10 Aboriginals generally earn higher incomes 11 The First Nations, Metis, and Inuit populations generally grow faster than the non-aboriginal population 12 In 2016, 55.8% of First Nations people with registered or treaty Indian status lived off reserve, while the rest lived on reserve 13 In 2016, employment rate among aboriginals was 52.1%. 14 Aboriginal people get free post-secondary education 15 Winnipeg had the largest Métis population in 2016 16 More than 170 Aboriginal languages were reported in the 2016 Census. 17 In 2016, the total number of Indigenous people in Canada was 1.674 million 18 British Columbia had the second largest Aboriginal population in 2016 19 There are more than 60 thousand Inuit in Canada. 20 Aboriginals generally experience poorer health than non-aboriginal people. 21 Aboriginals generally have lower crime rates 22 Aboriginal children are less likely to live in a family with grandparents 23 In 2016, the percentage of Metis people in Canada was 2.9%. 24 The etymology of the name Quebec is related to the Iroquois word for "narrow passage" or "strait." 25 Among aboriginal groups, the Métis population showed the smallest increase from 2006 to 2016 26 The average age of the Aboriginal population was 40.9 years in 2016 27 Participation in Census among First Nations has been on the rise in the last 20 years 28 In 2016, there were 602,305 Métis, which equals to 1.9% of the total population 29 The Aboriginal population living in metropolitan areas is growing. 30 In 2016, employment rate among 25–54 year-old aboriginals was 84.8%. 31 In 2016, Aboriginal people in Canada comprised 4.9% of the Canadian population 32 There were 744,855 First Nations people with registered or treaty Indian status in 2016 33 The majority of Métis live in cities 34 In 2016, the percentages of First Nations, Metis, Inuit among Indigenous people in Canada were 68, 35, and 1, respectively 35 Indigenous peoples continue to be significantly younger than the non-Aboriginal population36 In 2016, of the three Aboriginal groups, Métis were the less likely to live in cities 37 The etymology of the name Ontario is rooted in the Algonquin word "kanadario," which translates into "sparkling" water. 38 There are more than 600 unique First Nations/Indian Bands in Canada. 39 In 2016, the percentage of First Nations in Canada was 3.26%. 40 The First Nations, Metis, and Inuit populations generally grow faster than the non-aboriginal population 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 5758 59 60 QUIZ 5 (30Q) 1 The international definition of extreme poverty is less than $1.25/day (in 2010). 2 Income inequality describes the extent to which income is distributed unevenly among members of a group of people.3 Geography exerts a weak influence on agricultural productivity and the quality of human resources. 4 The multidimensional nature of poverty represents different aspects of consumption 5 There is unanimity across income levels of the Aboriginal identities 6 In 2006, the largest wage gaps for males and females were between non-Aboriginal persons and those who reported Registered Indian status and lived on-reserve. 7 Reductions in the earnings gap over time are more prominent at the lower ends of the education level than at the higher ends of the education level 8 The monetary returns to education tend to be greater for Aboriginal persons compared to non-Aboriginal persons. 9 Extreme poverty is a condition characterized by any deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education, and information. 10 The fact of winning the Georgia's Cherokee Land Lottery of 1832 did not have significant effect on the number of children sent to school. 11 The Lorenz curve shows the actual qualitative relationship between the percentage of income recipients and the percentage of total income they received during a time period (year) 12 Glass Ceiling refers to unseen, yet unbreakable, barriers that prevent minorities and women from climbing up the career ladder, regardless of their qualifications or achievements. 13 Relative poverty is the same as absolute poverty 14 The government should more actively pursue the development of First Nations out of reserve educational systems that would be similar in quality and effectiveness to educational systems in non-First Nation communities across Canada 15 Behavioral factors, such as lack of self-control and an inability to remain focused on achieving financial goals, impede individuals' ability to accumulate wealth 16 The UN ranks Canada 11th out of 35 industrialized countries when child-poverty rates are compared with overall poverty rates. 17 BoLT consisted of four separate interventions 18 The New World's riches on the one hand solidified Spanish tyranny but on the other hand nurtured a merchant elite in Britain. 19 In 2010, the top 1% of income earners in Canada had a median annual income of $283,400. 20 Inclusive institutions protect individual rights and encourage investment and effort. 21 Two thirds of First Nations kids live in poverty. 22 Growth affects the level of inequality. 23 Different levels of inequality carry different levels of impact on economic growth 24 Sticky floor refers a discriminatory employment pattern that cements a certain group of people at the top of the job scale 25 Aboriginal people living in Canada: a. are more likely to collect employment insurance and social assistance; b. have lower average income;c. are more likely to experience physical, emotional, or sexual abuse 26 The poverty rate assumes the headcount ratio 27 A Gini coefficient of 1 indicates maximum inequality, when a single person in a society has all of the income and the remainder of the population has none 28 The Low Income Cut-offs abbreviated as LICOs is the approach that Statistics Canada uses to measure poverty rate 29 Indigenous people living in urban areas receive higher income than their rural counterparts. 30 Selection effect means that you give things away for free and that people who do not intend to use it will not get it. 31 The same poverty rate across different groups implies that the income of the poor in each of the groups is the same 32 A Gini coefficient of 1 indicates maximum inequality, when a single person in a society has all of the income and the remainder of the population has none 33 Income inequality describes the extent to which income is distributed unevenly among members of a group of people. 34 More than half of the gap is attributed to Aboriginal persons having lower endowments of pay determining characteristics. 35 A study from 2011 shows a narrowing of the overall income gap among the three groups of indigenous people across the three census period. 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 5051 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 QUIZ 6 (30Q) 1 The poverty rate assumes the headcount ratio 2 Geography exerts a weak influence on agricultural productivity and the quality of human resources. 3 Different levels of inequality carry different levels of impact on economic growth 4 The poor stay poor. 5 BoLT consisted of four separate interventions 6 For many households, debt reduction offers a more efficient path to achieving greater wealth than asset accumulation 7 The first few calories are used by your body just to survive: they don't make you strong. 8 The government should more actively pursue the development of First Nations out of reserve educational systems that would be similar in quality and effectiveness to educational systems in non-First Nation communities across Canada. 9 The total benefit from the NCBS and the Canada Child Transfer totals $15,400 for the first child. (data 2005). 10 Absolute poverty measures poverty in relation to the amount of money necessary to meet basic needs such as food, clothing, and shelter 11 In 2006, the largest wage gaps for males and females were between non-Aboriginal persons and those who reported Registered Indian status and lived on-reserve. 12 Economic disadvantage for the overwhelming majority translates into ill health, missed educational opportunities, and —increasingly—the familiar symptoms of depression: alcoholism, obesity, gambling, and minor criminality 13 The Georgia's Cherokee Land Lottery study suggests that family financial resources play a dominant role in the transmission of human capital across generations. 14 The multidimensional nature of poverty represents different aspects of consumption 15 In 2010, the top 1% of income earners in Canada had a median annual income of $283,400. 16 There is unanimity across income levels of the Aboriginal identities17 The fact of winning the Georgia's Cherokee Land Lottery of 1832 did not have significant effect on the number of children sent to school. 18 The international definition of extreme poverty is less than $1.25/day (in 2010). 19 Glass Ceiling refers to unseen, yet unbreakable, barriers that prevent minorities and women from climbing up the career ladder, regardless of their qualifications or achievements. 20 For the Māori, government welfare transfers made up roughly 10% more of their total average weekly income than their European counterparts since 2012. 21 Poverty results from a lack of access to vital resources rather than some character flaw that prevents an industrious spirit from rising to the surface 22 The theory of poverty helps to explain why certain aid programs, which do not provide a high enough level of support, may be ineffective at raising individuals from poverty. 23 If you give something away for free, people will expect to get that thing (and perhaps everything else!) for free in the future. 24 Reductions in the earnings gap over time are more prominent at the lower ends of the education level than at the higher ends of the education level 25 The Poverty Gap stands for the difference between the poor's income and the poverty line. 26 The USA income gap between aboriginals and non-aboriginals is similar to its Canadian counterpart 27 Aboriginal people living in Canada: a. have lower average income; b. are more likely to collect employment insurance and social assistance; c. are more likely to experience physical, emotional, or sexual abuse 28 New Zealand practices a relatively generous welfare system. 29 Within the Aboriginal population, status Indians fare worst 30 Neo-classical economics tells us that, whenever there is an externality, wages should be used to align private incentives. 31 How much you pay gives you a sense of the value of a good. 32 The concept of poverty trap refers to a mechanism that describes how easy it is to escape poverty 33 The gap in median weekly income for Māori over the 10-year period discussed in class has increased almost twofold. 34 People may be financially better off being unemployed than being in full-time employment 35 36 37 3839 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 QUIZ 7 (20Q) 1 low population density and lack of transportation infrastructure are major factors that make entrepreneurship in rural Indigenous communities promising 2 Development represents a departure from traditional relations to a more "modern" way of life. 3 Native American women were typically more highly regarded in comparison to their European counterparts. 4 High school completion rates among aboriginal people are on the rise. 5 Self-esteem is one of the core values of development. 6 Indigenous peoples have a traditional understanding and relationship with land transcending economic value, andextending to Indigenous worldviews that includes spiritual, cultural and identity. 7 According to Joe Stiglitz, traditional societies aim at the transformation of the world 8 Having a university degree or college diploma and higher income increase happiness. 9 The acceptance of the world as it is stands for one of the characteristics of traditional societies 10 Urban Aboriginals anchor their income expectations on incomes generated in the urban community from which they migrated, rather than on incomes in the city in which they live. 11 Aboriginal peoples are, on average, happier than non-aboriginals 12 The National Indigenous Economic Development Boards 2019 Indigenous Economic Progress report continues to measure progress for in key benchmarks outlined in the 2012 report. 13 Institutions do not govern the behaviour of aboriginal people. 14 Economic development may come in contradiction with preservation of traditional values for indigenous communities. 15 The determining factor of success emanates from the imagination and creativity that aboriginal people bring to the enterprise. 16 Advancing national economic development for indigenous peoples is one of the 4 priority areas of the National Indigenous Economic Development Boards Strategic plan 17 The Three Objectives of Development include increasing availability of luxury goods 18 Partnering with post-secondary institutions and indigenous researchers is a good way to reduce data gaps on indigenous economic indicators 19 Joseph Stiglitz recognizes that in advanced societies aboriginals are allowed to live in traditional ways 20 Right to land policies can increase autonomy, generate revenues and create economic opportunities 21 Regulation theory builds on social relations 22 To be able to choose is one of core values of development 23 Social entrepreneurship leads to the establishment of new social enterprises. 24 Rural indigenous communities face major challenges to: attract investment; access finance; grow businesses; support female and rural entrepreneurs; increase skills training, mentorship and education. 25 The market economy is an example of institutions 26 The Canadian census ensures that there is NO data gap for key economic indicators for indigenous peoples 27 Advancing Economic Reconciliation is one of the 4 priority areas of the National Indigenous Economic Development Boards Strategic plan. 28 The living standards of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal populations have tendency for convergence. 29 Marriage is an example of an institution. 30 The number of Indigenous people who can speak an Indigenous language grew in the last decade.31 Selfishness is one of core values of development. 32 "Scientific" ways of thinking consist of identifying critical variables that affect outcomes, attempting to make inferences based on available data, and recognizing what we know and what we do not know. 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 5758 59 60 QUIZ 8 (30Q) 1 Being a member of a recognized ethnic minority in China implies a set of statuses somewhat similar to those of nonminority members. 2 Using measures of economic growth can give distorted pictures of the level of income in a country 3 Being a member of a recognized ethnic minority in China implies access to political representation through regional autonomy policies. 4 The Three Objectives of Development include increasing availability of luxury goods. 5 The Métis have the best educational attainment among Aboriginal heritage groups. 6 Yakuts is an aboriginal group in Russia. 7 Urban Aboriginals anchor their income expectations on incomes generated in the urban community from which they migrated, rather than on incomes in the city in which they live. 8 Inuit lag the most in economic development compared to other Aborignial peoples. 9 Decreasing the infant mortality rate represents a change in perspectives in modern societies. 10 Strong social organization and high levels of communal responsibility are not traditional values. 11 Since Treaty 8 in 1899, the Nisga'a Treaty was the first formal treaty signed by a First Nation in British Columbia. 12 The Hall and Patrinos discussions are primarily descriptive. 13 Fertility control in China is less stringent for many minority groups in comparison to such control imposed on the Han majority. 14 IWGIA estimates that there are around 350 million indigenous peoples worldwide, representing 5 per cent of the world's population in 2008. 15 The We Wai Kai Nation is focused on Indigenous development to become self-sufficient. They are currently producing airplanes. 16 The richness of the surrounding resources determines success of economic development for aboriginal people. 17 The Nisga'a Nation in northwestern British Columbia has become the only First Nation in Canada to let its people privately own tribal land. 18 Income gaps between First Nations living on reserve and non-Aboriginal Canadians has increased between 2001 to 2011 19 The T'Souke First Nations group developed windmills to produce their own electricity. 20 Native American women were typically more highly regarded in comparison to their European counterparts. 21 In comparing Aboriginal communities and non-aboriginal populations, the former have higher levels of human capital. 22 Most studies demonstrate that indigenous peoples are disadvantaged in terms of human capital endowments.23 Indspire is a national charitable organization that provides bursaries to Indigenous youth to help them complete high school. 24 Institutions do not govern the behaviour of aboriginal people. 25 The value of output produced within a country plus net property income from abroad is Gross National Product 26 The Nisga'a treaty was settled between the Nisga'a and the Federal Government of Canada. 27 In spite of the gains in educational qualifications, the employment rates of Indigenous people did not increase between 2006 and 2016. 28 Most studies document phenomena where indigenous peoples are disadvantaged in terms of physical and human capital endowments. 29 Juxtaposing aboriginal communities with non-aboriginal groups yields lower social fractionalization among the former. 30 Aboriginal people in Canada contribute significantly to the combined household income in Canada. 31 The T'Souke First Nations group is Canada's second Aboriginal solar community. 32 Subsistence farming, non-paid work, as well as Illegal and informal markets are not considered to be economic activity. 33 Uygur is China's largest minority group. 34 Collective control of natural resources is one of the values in traditional societies. 35 Social capital, defined as traditional community values and socioeconomic structures, is often referred to as the sole productive capital minorities have in abundance. 36 The We Wai Kai Nation is focused on Indigenous development to become self-sufficient. They are currently producing airplanes. 37 Disaggregated data are collected from one main source using multiple measures. 38 Regulation theory builds on social relations. 39 The T'Souke First Nations group developed windmills to produce their own electricity. 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 4849 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 QUIZ 9 (30Q) 1 Perry Bellegarde is a member of the Little Black Bear First Nation in Saskatchewan. 2 The Indian Act imposed a colonial governance system on First Nation communities. 3 The Crown recognizes that they have a unique relationship with the Aboriginal people of Canada. This recognition will be ended by a self-government agreement. 4 "intoxicant" includes alcohol, alcoholic, spirituous, vinous, fermented malt or other intoxicating liquor or combination of liquors and mixed liquor a part of which is spirituous, vinous, fermented or otherwise intoxicating and all drinks, drinkable liquids, preparations or mixtures capable of human consumption that are intoxicating 5 Indigenous peoples have the right to autonomy or self-government in matters relating to their internal and local affairs. 6 Forced coexistence indicates whether a reservation integrates multiple bands or, instead, is formed out of a single tribe. 7 Forcing people with no history of shared governance into shared jurisdictions can have large negative long-run consequences, even when the people have roots that are ethnically and linguistically similar. 8 First Nations were guaranteed certain rights, such as annual payments, when they ceded land to the British Crown and later to Canada in a series of treaties. 9 The 2% funding cap in education created a cumulative deficit of over $20 billion. 10 Community vote is indispensable for self-governance. 11 Perry Bellegarde has been serving as the national chief of the Assembly of First Nations since December 10, 2014. 12 John A. Macdonald's rule was controversial.13 A decade of Nisga'a self-governance demonstrated an unquestionable success. 14 The expression "band", with reference to a reserve or surrendered lands, means the band for whose use and benefit the reservation or the surrendered lands were set apart. 15 The Aboriginal Governance Index explores issues of fairness. 16 Some North American Indians do not recognize state borders. 17 The Indian Act is paternalistic. 18 The 2016 budget restores and increases the funding stipulated in the Kelowna Accord. 19 The 1877 Indian Act continues to determine how most First Nations in Canada are governed. 20 Indian people do not pay taxes. 21 "band" means a body of Indians 22 The 2005 Kelowna Accord promised 5 billion increase in funding over 5 years 23 Subject to this Act, reserves are held by the Governor for the use and benefit of the respective bands for which they were set apart, and subject to this Act and to the terms of any treaty or surrender, the Governor in Council may determine whether any purpose for which lands in a reserve are used or are to be used is for the use and benefit of the band. 24 Targets for funding are determined by a set of indicators, which include housing conditions among others. 25 "child" includes a illegally adopted child and a child adopted in accordance with Indian custom 26 For Aboriginal Peoples, self-government indicates the return to nation building. 27 In the USA, all Indians are subject to federal income taxes. 28 There are 22 self-government agreements across Canada. 29 Dippel's study suggests that social divisions can persist and have long-run economic legacies, even when they are not anchored in observable characteristics such as ethnicity and language. 30 A tax exemption for Indian property situated on reserves has existed since before Confederation. 31 There are 566 federally recognized tribal governments in the United States. 32 Aboriginal peoples are different from other minorities in that they do not have the right for self-determination and governance. 33 Employment income is exempt from income tax only if the income is generated on a reserve. 34 Residents of certain regions of northern Canada can claim the Northern Residents Deduction, which reduces their taxes significantly. 35 There is "one-size-fits-all" approach in self-governance. 36 The Crown recognizes that they have a unique relationship with the Aboriginal people of Canada. This recognition will be ended by a self-government agreement. 37 Indigenous peoples did not practice their own forms of government before the arrival of European and other settlers in what is today Canada.38 "designated lands" means a tract of land or any interest therein the legal title to which remains vested in Her Majesty and in which the band for whose use and benefit it was set apart as a reserve has, otherwise than absolutely, released or surrendered its rights or interests, whether before or after the coming into force of this definition 39 A member of a band who resides on the reserve of the band may reside there with his dependent children or any children of whom the member has custody 40 Some strongly believe that financial support and tax exemption is the least Canada could do to repay First Nations for generations of wrongdoing 41 According to the Indian Act, Indians living on reserves don't own the land 42 The Northern Residents Deduction includes a basic amount, an additional amount, and an amount for travel expenses 43 A reference in this Act to an Indian does not include any person of the race of aborigines commonly referred to as Inuit or Metis 44 The Aboriginal Governance Index explores human rights of Indians who live off reserves. 45 According to the Indian Act, Indians living on reserves don't own the land. 46 The Northern Residents Deduction includes a basic amount, an additional amount, and an amount for travel expenses. 47 Some strongly believe that financial support and tax exemption is the least Canada could do to repay First Nations for generations of wrongdoing. 48 The Crown recognizes that they have a unique relationship with the Aboriginal people of Canada. This recognition will be ended by a self-government agreement. 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 5859 60 QUIZ10 (20Q) 1 Historically, aboriginal communities tended to reside in underdeveloped regions, with less diverse economies and fewer employment opportunities. 2 Individuals can be food insecure even with full time employment 3 The Labour force refers to a part of the population that is able to work and wants to work. 4 Food security is defined as having "physical and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life." 5 Employment rates were highest among First Nations people in the Atlantic provinces (71.8%). 6 First Nations individuals who are employed are more likely to live in a food secure household compared to unemployed. 7 First Nations women have traditionally been further marginalized in the labour market. 8 Among First Nations people living off-reserve, employment was correlated with households that were considered as having food security 9 In 2017, the employment rate of First Nations people between 25 and 54 year olds was 66.7%. 10 The rate of return for education at higher levels of education is greater for the Aboriginal population than for the nonAboriginal population. 11 Unemployment rate will fall if the unemployed stop wanting to work and drop out of the labour force. 12 In 2017, more than a quarter of a million First Nations people, between the ages of 25 and 54, lived off-reserve. 13 There is no permanent trade-off between inflation and unemployment in the short run. 14 Unemployment rates differed depending on where Aboriginal women lived. 15 Construction is the most common employment industry for both First Nations women and men living off reserve. (2016) 16 One of the patterns for an "on-reserve penalty" that was observed in the data showed that Aboriginals who live on their reservation obtained the lowest income of all groups at an average of 49% of the national average income in 2001, compared with 72% for their counterparts who live in cities. 17 Aboriginal women were twice as likely to be unemployed as their non-Aboriginal counterparts. 18 Within the Aboriginal population as a whole, the rate of return is greater for higher levels of education than for the non-Aboriginal population 19 The highest employment rate by level of schooling for First Nations people (aged 25-54) in Canada is for trades certificates/diplomas. (2017) 20 Traditional activities such as hunting, fishing, and trapping are counted as employment or generating income. 21 First nations men are less likely to report excellent or very good health than first nations women. 22 Aboriginals may live in poorer neighborhoods in cities, limiting the scope for permanent employment.23 As the 2016 Census showed, for the total core working-age population in Canada, employment rates were lowest in the Atlantic provinces. 24 In 2020, the unemployment rate in Canada was 7.5 per cent. 25 The Phillips curve depicts the relationship between deflation and natural rate of unemployment. 26 First nation women living off reserve are more likely to be employed than first nations men living off reserve (2016) 27 The employment rate for core working-age first nations women living off reserve did not change between 2006 and 2016 28 Family security is defined as having "physical and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life." 29 Donna Feir (2013) surfaces evidence for “on-reserve penalty.” 30 A lthough New Zealand does still have gaps in Indigenous versus Non-Indigenous labour market outcomes (particularly with regards to unemployment rates), these gaps are not as wide as in other countries 31 The employment rate for core working-age first nations women living off reserve did not change between 2006 and 2016. 32 Although New Zealand does still have gaps in Indigenous versus Non-Indigenous labour market outcomes (particularly with regards to unemployment rates), these gaps are not as wide as in other countries 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 4748 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 QUIZ11 (20Q) 1 Typically, aboriginals have detained their land. 2 Land rights make access to agriculture and natural resources possible. 3 Divisibility means that the use of a resource by one group makes it less available to the other groups. 4 Externalities exist whenever the welfare of some agent depends not only on their activities, but also on activities under the control of some other agents. 5 The tragedy of the commons is an economic theory of a situation within a shared-resource system where individual users acting independently and rationally according to their own self-interest behave contrary to the common good of all users by depleting that resource. 6 Public goods are both rival and nonexcludable. 7 Agriculture serves as the main source of income for aboriginals. 8 In its 1973 Calder Decision, the Supreme Court of Canada recognized that Canada's indigenous people have an ownership interest in the lands that they and their ancestors have traditionally occupied, and in the resources that they have traditionally used. 9 The Solow model identifies steady state (or balanced growth path) where variables grow at the same rates. 10 One aspect underlining the importance of land is that such resources are the foundation upon which indigenous communities intend to rebuild the economies of their nations and so improve the socioeconomic circumstance of their people. 11 Bands that have older populations, more educated populations, more self-government, and hold Band elections under the Indian Act have more land under lawful possession. 12 Claims of indigenous people to their traditional lands and their right to use the resources of these lands are central to their drive to nationhood.13 Common-pool resources are characterized by nonexclusivity and divisibility. 14 In the Solow model, land is incorporated as a determinant of economic development. 15 The Coase Theorem states that when negotiation costs are negligible and affected parties can freely negotiate, the entitlement can be allocated by the courts to either party and an inefficient allocation will result. 16 Land taken by colonizers is often the more economically productive land than reservations that are often arid. 17 Well-defined and strongly protected rights to personal property are widely recognized to be key elements in reducing poverty and improving standards of living. 18 Over the last 25 years of the 20th century, the policy of the Canadian federal government has shifted from contesting indigenous claims to land, resources, and nationhood, to negotiating these claims. 19 Brinkhurst and Kessler (2013) use regression analysis to measure the factors that are associated with lawful possession on reservations. 20 Reserve land has to be used in a way deemed to benefit the whole First Nation band, and it can be transferred to other parties. 21 Aboriginals often have complete control of their territory. 22 Land appropriation has been, more often than not, the method by which colonial societies established themselves. 23 Most law theorists support the view that aboriginal groups have some measure of self-determination of land within the wider society. 24 The territories of the world's 370 million indigenous peoples cover 24% of land worldwide, and contain 80% of the world's biodiversity. 25 One aspect underlining the importance of land is that traditional lands serve as the place of the nation and are inseparable from the people, their culture, and their identity as a nation. 26 Brinkhurst and Kessler conclude that bands that are "more well off" (educated, self-governing, etc.) are more likely to allow lawful possession. 27 The Solow growth model considers the impact of population growth, physical capital, and productivity on economic development 28 Nonexclusivity implies that resources cannot be exploited by anyone. 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 3738 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Quiz 12 (20Q) 1 'Aboriginal identity' refers to an individual reported being an Aboriginal person, that is, First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or being a Registered or Treaty Indian (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or being a member of a First Nation or Indian band. 2 Human capital is a stock of intangible assets that allow for more intelligent use of other sorts of capital for economic benefit. 3 Identity economics refers to situations where people make economic choices that are mainly driven by their identities. 4 The history of relations between First Nations communities and non-Aboriginal people and their institutionshighlights the need to acknowledge that concepts like social capital are value free and should be interpreted in a consistent and standardized way 5 Most studies provide empirical evidence that show indigenous peoples are disadvantaged in terms of physical and human capital endowments. 6 When economic agents are rational and non-prejudiced, inequality between demographic groups are addressed and eliminated. 7 Physical capital is a stock of intangible assets that people can use for their economic benefit. 8 Social capital can serve as the glue that holds institutions which underpin a society together. 9 Because statistically speaking, indigenous people are less productive (due to history or an equilibrium), each individual is assumed to be less productive and discrimination arises. 10 Identities include references to one's traits and characteristics, affiliations, institutionally assigned roles. 11 Networks can be characterized by how inclusive, diverse, and flexible they are. 12 Creating a framework for measuring human capital can help to determine the social effects of policy while identifying at need areas. 13 Statistical discrimination explain gaps that are generated as a result of imperfect information non-indigenous people have about indigenous peoples. 14 Biology/Genetics, physical environment, education, income, gender and social environments contribute to a persons health. 15 Discrimination refers to substantially focused treatments of individuals who share similar characteristics. 16 Social capital is a tangible asset such as personality attributes that are embodied in the ability to perform labor so as to produce economic value. 17 While Australia, Canada, USA, and New Zealand are all otherwise developed countries, their Aboriginal populations have lower HDI scores than the rest of the population. 18 "Linkage" refers to the connections between one or more first nations communities according to the readings 19 Someone who identifies as Aboriginal Australian would likely consider themselves distinct from an Aboriginal Canadian. 20 Inequalities toward indigenous people are largely viewed as a product of two phenomena: discrimination and exclusion. 21 Socially invested resources, culture and networks are components of social capital 22 Social capital, defined as traditional community values and socioeconomic structures, are often referred to as the only productive capital indigenous peoples have in abundance. 23 The World Bank has identified indigenous social capital as a secondary component of economic development. 24 Most studies provide empirical evidence that show indigenous peoples are disadvantaged in terms of physical and human capital endowments. 25 Vertical Associations denote connections between layers of society, individuals, and institutions. 26 Discrimination provides a comprehensive explanation of income inequality, as shown by studies addressing the earning gap between indigenous and non-indigenous people.27 Trust, norms of reciprocity, individual action and participation are descriptors of culture under the social capital framework. 28 Horizontal Associations denote connections and associations within a group or across groups. 29 Bonding promotes linkages within groups 30 Bridging promotes linkages across groups 31 Bridging promotes linkages across groups. 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 5253 54 55 56 57 58 59 60