NUR 507 Advanced Pathophysiology Quiz 1. Questions & Answers -Graded A+

People diagnosed with neurofibromatosis have varying degrees of the condition because of which genetic principle? Select one. Question options: a) Dominance b) Recessiveness c) Penetrance d) Expressivity Hide question 1 feedback Expressivity is the extent of variation in phenotype associated with a particular genotype. If expressivity of a disease is variable, then the penetrance may be complete but the severity of the disease can vary greatly. A well-known example of variable expressivity in an autosomal dominant disease is type 1 neurofibromatosis. The penetrance of a trait is the percentage of individuals with a specific genotype who also exhibit the expected phenotype. An allele whose effects are observable is said to be dominant, while one whose effects are hidden is said to be recessive. Which type of cancer is said to aggregate among families? Select one. Question options: a) Lung b) Brain c) Breast d) SkinHide question 2 feedback Breast cancer appears to aggregate strongly in families. The other cancers are not believed to be familial in nature. In hyperkalemia, what change occurs to the cells' resting membrane potential? Select one. Question options: a) Hyperexcitability b) Depolarization c) Hypopolarization d) Repolarization Hide question 3 feedback In hyperkalemia, the cells' resting membrane potential becomes more positive (i.e., changes from –90 to – 80 mV) and the cell membrane is hypopolarized (i.e., the inside of the cell becomes less negative or partially depolarized). Which term refers to the silenced gene of a gene pair? Select one. Question options: a) Imprinted b) Altered c) Mutatedd) Activated Hide question 4 feedback Gene silencing, a process during which genes are predictably silenced, depending on which parent transmits them, is known as imprinting; the transcriptionally silenced genes are then said to be imprinted. The remaining options do not accurately identify this process. Adoption studies have shown that the offspring of an alcoholic parent have what amount of an increased risk of developing alcoholism when raised by a nonalcoholic parent? Select one. Question options: a) Twofold b) Threefold c) Fourfold d) Tenfold Hide question 5 feedback Adoption studies have shown that the offspring of an alcoholic parent, even when raised by nonalcoholic parents, have a fourfold increased risk of developing the disorder. A student asks for an explanation of the absolute refractory period of the action potential. What response by the professor is best? Select one. Question options: a) Multiple stimuli can produce more rapid action potentials. b) A stronger than normal impulse will evoke another response.c) No stimulus is able to evoke another response at this time. d) The hyperpolarized state means a weaker stimulus produces a response. Hide question 6 feedback During the absolute refractory state of the action potential, no stimulus is able to evoke another response from the cell. A stronger than normal impulse may generate a response in the relative refractory period. This period of time is not related to the number of stimuli. A hyperpolarized state means a stronger than normal stimulus would be needed to generate a response. Neurotransmitters affect the postsynaptic membrane by binding to which structure? Select one. Question options: a) Receptors b) Ribosomes c) Lipids d) Amphipathic lipids Hide question 7 feedback In each type of chemical signaling, the target cell receives the signal by first attaching to its receptors. The other options do not correctly describe this process. Which is the best example of active transport? Select one. Question options: a) Movement across a membrane due to differences in solute concentrationb) Movement of two molecules simultaneously in one direction c) Movement requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy d) Movement of two molecules simultaneously in opposite directions Hide question 8 feedback Active transport requires life, biologic activity, and the expenditure of metabolic energy. Movement due simply to differences in concentration gradients is called passive transport. The movement of two molecules in the same direction is called symport while moving two molecules in opposite directions is called antiport. Thirst activates osmoreceptors following an increase in which blood plasma component? Select one. Question options: a) Antidiuretic hormone b) Aldosterone c) Hydrostatic pressure d) Osmotic pressure Hide question 9 feedback Thirst is experienced when water loss equals 2% of an individual's body weight or when osmotic pressure increases. Dry mouth, hyperosmolality, and plasma volume depletion activate osmoreceptors (neurons located in the hypothalamus that are stimulated by increased osmotic pressure). Increased antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, and hydrostatic pressure do not activate osmoreceptors. What is the process of cellular reproduction? Select one.Question options: a) The process involves the interaction of male and female cells. b) The process often takes months or years to complete. c) Cellular reproduction typically has a short interphase. d) Two diploid cells, called daughter cells, have been formed. Hide question 10 feedback During telophase, the final stage of cellular reproduction, two identical diploid cells, called daughter cells, have been formed from the original cell. The process occurs hundreds of times a second. Interphase is the longest phase of the cell cycle. Male and female cells do not interact in cellular reproduction; each cell is responsible for reproducing itself. What genetic process is likely responsible for the occurrence of asthma in only one of a pair of identical twins? Select one. Question options: a) Genomic imprinting b) Methylation c) Epigenetic modifications d) Transgenerational inheritance Hide question 11 feedback Epigenetic modifications can cause individuals with the same deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences (such as identical twins) to have different disease profiles. Imprinting means that either the copy of a gene inherited through the sperm or the copy inherited through the egg is inactivated and remains in thisinactive state in all of the somatic cells of the individual. The heritable transmission to future generations of epigenetic modifications is called transgenerational inheritance. DNA methylation occurs through the attachment of a methyl group to the carbon-5 position of a cytosine. Removal of part of the liver leads to the remaining liver cells undergoing which compensatory process? Select one. Question options: a) Dysplasia b) Hyperplasia c) Metaplasia d) Atrophy Hide question 12 feedback Compensatory hyperplasia is an adaptive mechanism that enables certain organs to regenerate. For example, the removal of part of the liver leads to hyperplasia of the remaining liver cells (hepatocytes) to compensate for the loss. The other options do not accurately identify the compensatory process described in the question. A patient with several risk factors is concerned about developing type 2 diabetes. The healthcare professional advises the patient to lose weight, explaining that obesity is an important risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus because it causes what? Select one. Question options: a) Increased resistance to insulin in the cells b) Obstructed outflow of insulin from the pancreas c) Stimulation of glucose production by the liverd) Reduced insulin production by the pancreas Hide question 13 feedback People with type 2 diabetes mellitus suffer from insulin resistance. Obesity causes this resistance so their cells have difficulty using insulin. Obesity does not lead to reduced insulin production, obstructed insulin outflow, or stimulation of glucose production. A healthcare professional is assessing a child whose parents report poor grades in school, trouble paying attention, and "naughty" behaviors that have become so frequent the child is always in trouble. For which health condition should the professional facilitate testing? Select one. Question options: a) Mercury exposure b) Lead poisoning c) Hypoxic injury d) Cadmium injection Hide question 14 feedback Decreased academic achievement, IQ, and specific cognitive measures; increased incidence of attentionrelated behaviors and problem behaviors are related to lead exposure. Hypoxic injury is usually caused by ischemia, which is not apparent in this child. Exposure to mercury poisoning in utero can lead to deafness, blindness, intellectual disability, cerebral palsy, and central nervous system (CNS) defects. The main effects of cadmium poisoning are renal tubular disease and obstructive lung disease. Cystic fibrosis is caused by what type of gene? Select one.Question options: a) X-linked dominant b) X-linked recessive c) Autosomal recessive d) Autosomal dominant Hide question 15 feedback Cystic fibrosis is the most common lethal autosomal recessive disease in white children. It is not X linked or dominant. Hemoprotein accumulations are a result of the excessive storage of what? Select one. Question options: a) Hemoglobin, which is transferred from the bloodstream to the cells b) Albumin, which is transferred from the cells to the bloodstream c) Iron, which is transferred from the cells to the bloodstream d) Amino acids, which are transferred from the cells to the bloodstream Hide question 16 feedback Excessive storage of iron, which is transferred to the cells from the bloodstream, causes hemoprotein accumulations in cells. Hemoglobin, albumin, or amino acids will not cause hemoprotein accumulations.Regarding type 2 diabetes, obesity is considered to be what type of risk? Select one. Question options: a) Modifiable b) Relative c) Empirical d) Genetic Hide question 17 feedback A modifiable risk is one a person can change in order to reduce risk. Obesity is a modifiable risk factor for many diseases including heart disease, stroke, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes. Genetic, empirical, and relative risks are not changeable by individuals in order to reduce their chance of developing diseases. Which enzyme is secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney when circulating blood volume is reduced? Select one. Question options: a) Aldosterone b) Renin c) Angiotensin I d) Angiotensin II Hide question 18 feedback When circulating blood volume or blood pressure is reduced, renin, an enzyme secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney, is released in response to sympathetic nerve stimulation anddecreased perfusion of the renal vasculature. Renin stimulates the formation of angiotensin I, which is an inactive polypeptide, In the presence of angiotensin-converting enzyme, angiotensin I is transformed into angiotensin II, which is a potent vasoconstrictor. Aldosterone promotes sodium and water reabsorption by the kidneys. What is the blood type of a person who is heterozygous, having A and B alleles as codominant? Select one. Question options: a) AB b) O c) A d) B Hide question 19 feedback When the heterozygote is distinguishable from both homozygotes, the locus is said to exhibit codominance. An example is the ABO blood group, in which heterozygotes having the A and B alleles express both of them as A and B antigens on their red cells (forming blood group AB). Blood types A, B, and O do not demonstrate codominance. What two types of hearing loss are associated with noise? Select one. Question options: a) Acoustic trauma and noise-induced b) High frequency and low frequency c) High frequency and acoustic trauma d) Noise-induced and low frequencyHide question 20 feedback Two types of hearing loss are associated with noise: (1) acoustic trauma or instantaneous damage caused by a single sharply rising wave of sound (e.g., gunfire), and (2) noise-induced hearing loss, the more common type, which is the result of prolonged exposure to intense sound (e.g., noise associated with the workplace and leisure-time activities). The remaining options are not related to noise but rather to the amplitude of the sound. Males are more often affected by which type of genetic disease? Select one. Question options: a) Sex-linked recessive b) Sex-linked c) Sex-linked dominant d) Sex-influenced Hide question 21 feedback Males are more frequently affected by X-linked recessive diseases, with the difference becoming more pronounced as the disease becomes rarer. The correct option is the only one that is a characteristic of a male-dominate disease. What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by acting as receptors, transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps? Select one. Question options: a) Carbohydrates b) Proteinsc) Proteases d) Lipids Hide question 22 feedback Proteins have several functions, including acting as receptors, transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps Lipids help act as the "glue" holding cell membranes together. Proteases cause the breakdown of protein. Carbohydrates are involved in cellular protection and lubrication and help produce energy via oxidative phosphorylation. Venous obstruction is a cause of edema because of an increase in which pressure? Select one. Question options: a) Capillary hydrostatic b) Interstitial oncotic c) Capillary oncotic d) Interstitial hydrostatic Hide question 23 feedback Venous obstruction can increase the hydrostatic pressure of fluid in the capillaries enough to cause fluid to escape into the interstitial spaces. The remaining options are not causes of edema resulting from venous obstruction. The ratio of the disease among the exposed population to the disease rate in an unexposed population is referred to as what type of risk? Select one.Question options: a) Contingency b) Causal c) Relative d) Attributable Hide question 24 feedback A common measure of the effect of a specific risk factor is the relative risk. Assuming a factor is the cause of a disease, attributable risk is the amount of risk that is due to that factor. A future event or circumstance that is possible but cannot be predicted with certainty is a contingency risk. The probability of the outcome is termed a causal risk factor. What mechanisms occur in the liver cells as a result of lipid accumulation? Select one. Question options: a) Increased synthesis of triglycerides from fatty acids and decreased synthesis of apoproteins b) Increased binding of lipids with apoproteins to form lipoproteins c) Accumulation of lipids that obstruct the common bile duct, preventing flow of bile from the liver to the d) Increased conversion of fatty acids to phospholipids Hide question 25 feedback Lipid accumulation in liver cells occurs after cellular injury sets the following mechanisms in motion: increased synthesis of triglycerides from fatty acids (increases in the enzyme, ß-glycerophosphates, which can accelerate triglyceride synthesis) and decreased synthesis of apoproteins (lipid-acceptor proteins). Accumulation of lipids does not cause obstruction of bile flow, increased binding of lipids withapoproteins, or conversion of fatty acids to phospholipids. 22 / 25 - B+ 22 / 25 - B+ Done