Chapter 2: The cytoplasm
Blastomeres: first zygotic cellular divisions which give rise to all tissue types of fetus.
Integrins: proteins that are linked to both, cytoplasmic protein filaments and ECM
components.
Inclusions: deposits of carbohydrates, lipids and pigments.
Plasma membranes range from 7.5 to 10 nm in thickness and are visible only in the
electron microscope.
o It is amphipathic:
Contains 2 nonpolar (hydrophobic) long-chain fatty acids
1 polar (hydrophilic) head that bears a phosphate group.
o Cholesterol controls the density and fluidity of the membrane.
o Glycolipids: outer lipids on membrane that include oligosaccharide chains that
extend outward from the cell surface and contribute to a delicate cell surface
coating called glycocalyx.
o Intergral proteins are incorporated within the lipid bilayer while peripheral
proteins are only on one of the two membrane surfaces (particularly the inner).
Peripheral can be extracted using salt solutions while integral proteins
can be extracted using detergents to disrupt lipids.
o Lipid rafts: specialized membrane patches having higher concentration of
cholesterol and saturated fatty acids to reduce lipid fluidity and keep some
proteins that need less mobility in place (like the proteins that are used as
components of large enzyme complexes to transduce signals from outside the
cell)
Simple diffusion: for small, lipophilic molecules to pass through lipid bilayers. passive
transport
Ion channels: for ions such as Na+. K+, and Ca2+ to cross the membranes through. They
are integral membrane proteins. active transport
Aquaporins: transmembrane proteins used in osmosis.
Endocytosis: active process involving folding and fusion of the membrane to form
Blastomeres: first zygotic cellular divisions which give rise to all tissue types of fetus.
Integrins: proteins that are linked to both, cytoplasmic protein filaments and ECM
components.
Inclusions: deposits of carbohydrates, lipids and pigments.
Plasma membranes range from 7.5 to 10 nm in thickness and are visible only in the
electron microscope.
o It is amphipathic:
Contains 2 nonpolar (hydrophobic) long-chain fatty acids
1 polar (hydrophilic) head that bears a phosphate group.
o Cholesterol controls the density and fluidity of the membrane.
o Glycolipids: outer lipids on membrane that include oligosaccharide chains that
extend outward from the cell surface and contribute to a delicate cell surface
coating called glycocalyx.
o Intergral proteins are incorporated within the lipid bilayer while peripheral
proteins are only on one of the two membrane surfaces (particularly the inner).
Peripheral can be extracted using salt solutions while integral proteins
can be extracted using detergents to disrupt lipids.
o Lipid rafts: specialized membrane patches having higher concentration of
cholesterol and saturated fatty acids to reduce lipid fluidity and keep some
proteins that need less mobility in place (like the proteins that are used as
components of large enzyme complexes to transduce signals from outside the
cell)
Simple diffusion: for small, lipophilic molecules to pass through lipid bilayers. passive
transport
Ion channels: for ions such as Na+. K+, and Ca2+ to cross the membranes through. They
are integral membrane proteins. active transport
Aquaporins: transmembrane proteins used in osmosis.
Endocytosis: active process involving folding and fusion of the membrane to form
