ATLS WRITTEN REVIEW EXAM 2025/2026 EXAM
x x x x x
QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS |
x x x x x x
LATEST UPDATE x x
x
What xis xthe xprimary xgoal xof xtreating xTBI? xHow xis xthis xdone? x- xpreventing
xsecondary x
x
brain xinjury. xThis xis xdone xby xmaintaining xblood xpressure xand xproviding
xadequate
x
profusion.
x
After xmanaging xABCDEs xof xTBI xwhat xMUST xbe xidentified xif xpresent? xHow xis xthis
xdone? x-
x
mass xlesion xthat xrequires xsurgical xevacuation xis xcritical! xthis xis xdone xwith xCT.
xNOTE:
x
obtaining xa xCT xshould xnot xdelay xpatient xtransfer xto xtrauma
xcenter.
x
Which xbrain xlobes xdo xthe xfollowing xhold: x
1. anterior xfossa: x x
2. middle xfossa: x x
3. posterior xfossa: x- x1. xanterior xfossa: xfrontal xlobes x
2. middle xfossa: xtemporal xlobes x
3. posterior xfossa: xlower xbrainstem xand xcerebellum x
x
What xare xthe x3 xlayers xof xthe xmeninges? x- xdura xmater, xarachnoid xmater, xpia xmater x
x
What xdoes xthe xdura xmater xadhere xfirmly xto? x- xthe xskull. xit xis xtough xand xfibrous x
x
What xlayer xof xthe xmeninges xsplits xinto xtwo xleaves xas xspecific xsites xto xenclose
xlarge x
x
venous xsinuses? xWhat xdo xthese xsinuses xdo? x- xdura
xmater.
x
these xsinuses xprovide xmajor xvenous xdrainage xfrom xthe
xbrain.
x
What xis xthe xmidline xsinus xof xof xthe xbrain xthat xsplits xinto xtwo xsinuses: xbilateral
xtransverse xand xsigmoid xsinus? xWhat xside xare xthese xbigger xon? x- xThe xmain xsinus
xenclosed xby xthe xdura xmajor xis xthe xmidline xsuperior xsagital xsinus. xThis xsplits xinto xthe
xsigmoid xand xbilateral xtransverse xsinuses xwhich xare xlarger xon xthe xright xside. x
x
What xare xthe xarteries xthat xlie xbetween xthe xskull xand xthe xdura xmater x(epidural
xspace)? x-
x
meningeal
xarteries.
x
,What xis xthe xmost xcommonly xinjured xmeningeal xartery xand xwhere xis xit xlocated? x-
xmiddle x
x
meningeal
xartery.
x
Located xover xthe xtemporal
xfossa
x
T/F: xthe xarachnoid xmater xis xfused xto xthe xdura xmater? x- xFALSE: xnot xattached.
xThis x
x
produces xa xpotential xspace xfor xa xsubdural
xhematoma
x
In xa xsubdural xhematoma, xwhat xis xthe xcause? x- xinjury xto xbridging xveins xthat xextend
xfrom x
x
brain xsurface xto xthe xsinuses xwithin xthe
xdura.
x
_______ xfills xthe xspace xbetween xthe xarachnoid xand xpia xmater? x- xCSF. xthis xcushions
xthe x
x
brain xand xspinal
xcord.
x
What xlocation xof xbrain xhemorrhage xis xfrequently xseen xin xbrain xcontusion xor
xinjury xto x
x
major xblood xvessels xat xbase xof xbrain? x-
xsubarachnoid.
x
The x____ xand x_____ xcontain xthe xreticular xactivating xsystem xwhich xis xresponsible
xfor x
x
____. x- xmidbrain xand xupper
xpons
x
state xof
xalertness
x
What ximportant xfunction xresides xin xthe xmedulla? x- xcardiorespiratory xcenters. x
x
What ximportant xfunctions xare xin xthe xfollowing xbrain xsegments: x
1. left xhemisphere: x x
2. frontal xlobe: x x
3. parietal xlobe: x
4. temporal: x- x1. xleft xhemisphere: xlanguage xcenter x
2. frontal xlobe: xexecutive xfunction, xemotions, xmotor x
3. parietal xlobe: xsensory xfunction/spatial xorientation x
4. temporal: xmemory xfunctions x
x
What xdivides xthe xbrain xinto xsupratentorial xand xinfratentorial xcompartments? x-
xtentorium x
, x
cerebelli. (tent
x x over
xcerebellum)
x
What xis xthe xphysiology xbehind xa xblown xpupil? x- xblown xpupil: xdilation xof xpupil x
-CN xIII xruns xalong xthe xtentorium xcerebelli. xparasympathetic xfibers xthat xconstrict xthe
xpupil xrun xalong xCN xIII x(oculomotor). xWhen xtemporal xlobe xis xherniated, xit xcan
xcompress xthese xfibers. xUnapposed xsympathetic xactivity xcauses xpupillary xdilation. x
x
What xis xthe xtentorial xnotch/hiatus x- xthis xis xwhere xthe xmidbrain xpasses xthrough xinto
xthe x
x
infratentorial
xcompartment.
x
what xpart xof xthe xbrain xmost xcommonly xherniates xthrough xthe xtentorial xnotch? x-
xUncus x
x
(medial xpart xof xtemporal
xlobe)
x
does xweakness xoccur xon xthe xsame xor xopposite xside xof xthe xuncal xherniation? x-
xOPPOSITE. xthe xcorticospinal xtract xof xthe xmidbrain xis xcompressed xand xthen xcrosses
xat xthe xforamen xmagnum. x
x
state: xIpsilateral/contralateral x
x
____ xpupillary xdilation xassociated xwith x_____ xhemiparesis xis xthe xclassic xsign xof
xuncial x
x
herniation. x-
xipsi
x
contra x
x
average xICP xis x_____ xmmHg. x- x10 x
x
The xmonro-kellie xdoctrine xstates xthat xthe xtotal xvolume xof xintracranial xcontents xmust
xremain xconstant, xbecause xthe xcranium xis x___ x- xa xrigid, xnon xexpandable xcontainer. x
x
The xmonro-kellie xdoctrine xstates xthat x_____ xand x_____ xmay xbe xcompressed xout xof
xthe x
x
skull xproviding xa xdegree xof xbuffering. x- xCSF xand xvenous
xblood.
x
Once xthe xCSF xand xvenous xblood xreach xa xcertain xlevel xof xdisplacement xthe xICP
xrapidly x
x
increases.
x
What xis xthe xequation xfor xCPP x(cerebral xperfusion xpressure)? x- xCPP=MAP-ICP x
x
in xTBI, xEvery xeffort xshould xbe xmade xto xreduce x______, xwhile xnormalizing x____, x___,
xand x
x x x x x
QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS |
x x x x x x
LATEST UPDATE x x
x
What xis xthe xprimary xgoal xof xtreating xTBI? xHow xis xthis xdone? x- xpreventing
xsecondary x
x
brain xinjury. xThis xis xdone xby xmaintaining xblood xpressure xand xproviding
xadequate
x
profusion.
x
After xmanaging xABCDEs xof xTBI xwhat xMUST xbe xidentified xif xpresent? xHow xis xthis
xdone? x-
x
mass xlesion xthat xrequires xsurgical xevacuation xis xcritical! xthis xis xdone xwith xCT.
xNOTE:
x
obtaining xa xCT xshould xnot xdelay xpatient xtransfer xto xtrauma
xcenter.
x
Which xbrain xlobes xdo xthe xfollowing xhold: x
1. anterior xfossa: x x
2. middle xfossa: x x
3. posterior xfossa: x- x1. xanterior xfossa: xfrontal xlobes x
2. middle xfossa: xtemporal xlobes x
3. posterior xfossa: xlower xbrainstem xand xcerebellum x
x
What xare xthe x3 xlayers xof xthe xmeninges? x- xdura xmater, xarachnoid xmater, xpia xmater x
x
What xdoes xthe xdura xmater xadhere xfirmly xto? x- xthe xskull. xit xis xtough xand xfibrous x
x
What xlayer xof xthe xmeninges xsplits xinto xtwo xleaves xas xspecific xsites xto xenclose
xlarge x
x
venous xsinuses? xWhat xdo xthese xsinuses xdo? x- xdura
xmater.
x
these xsinuses xprovide xmajor xvenous xdrainage xfrom xthe
xbrain.
x
What xis xthe xmidline xsinus xof xof xthe xbrain xthat xsplits xinto xtwo xsinuses: xbilateral
xtransverse xand xsigmoid xsinus? xWhat xside xare xthese xbigger xon? x- xThe xmain xsinus
xenclosed xby xthe xdura xmajor xis xthe xmidline xsuperior xsagital xsinus. xThis xsplits xinto xthe
xsigmoid xand xbilateral xtransverse xsinuses xwhich xare xlarger xon xthe xright xside. x
x
What xare xthe xarteries xthat xlie xbetween xthe xskull xand xthe xdura xmater x(epidural
xspace)? x-
x
meningeal
xarteries.
x
,What xis xthe xmost xcommonly xinjured xmeningeal xartery xand xwhere xis xit xlocated? x-
xmiddle x
x
meningeal
xartery.
x
Located xover xthe xtemporal
xfossa
x
T/F: xthe xarachnoid xmater xis xfused xto xthe xdura xmater? x- xFALSE: xnot xattached.
xThis x
x
produces xa xpotential xspace xfor xa xsubdural
xhematoma
x
In xa xsubdural xhematoma, xwhat xis xthe xcause? x- xinjury xto xbridging xveins xthat xextend
xfrom x
x
brain xsurface xto xthe xsinuses xwithin xthe
xdura.
x
_______ xfills xthe xspace xbetween xthe xarachnoid xand xpia xmater? x- xCSF. xthis xcushions
xthe x
x
brain xand xspinal
xcord.
x
What xlocation xof xbrain xhemorrhage xis xfrequently xseen xin xbrain xcontusion xor
xinjury xto x
x
major xblood xvessels xat xbase xof xbrain? x-
xsubarachnoid.
x
The x____ xand x_____ xcontain xthe xreticular xactivating xsystem xwhich xis xresponsible
xfor x
x
____. x- xmidbrain xand xupper
xpons
x
state xof
xalertness
x
What ximportant xfunction xresides xin xthe xmedulla? x- xcardiorespiratory xcenters. x
x
What ximportant xfunctions xare xin xthe xfollowing xbrain xsegments: x
1. left xhemisphere: x x
2. frontal xlobe: x x
3. parietal xlobe: x
4. temporal: x- x1. xleft xhemisphere: xlanguage xcenter x
2. frontal xlobe: xexecutive xfunction, xemotions, xmotor x
3. parietal xlobe: xsensory xfunction/spatial xorientation x
4. temporal: xmemory xfunctions x
x
What xdivides xthe xbrain xinto xsupratentorial xand xinfratentorial xcompartments? x-
xtentorium x
, x
cerebelli. (tent
x x over
xcerebellum)
x
What xis xthe xphysiology xbehind xa xblown xpupil? x- xblown xpupil: xdilation xof xpupil x
-CN xIII xruns xalong xthe xtentorium xcerebelli. xparasympathetic xfibers xthat xconstrict xthe
xpupil xrun xalong xCN xIII x(oculomotor). xWhen xtemporal xlobe xis xherniated, xit xcan
xcompress xthese xfibers. xUnapposed xsympathetic xactivity xcauses xpupillary xdilation. x
x
What xis xthe xtentorial xnotch/hiatus x- xthis xis xwhere xthe xmidbrain xpasses xthrough xinto
xthe x
x
infratentorial
xcompartment.
x
what xpart xof xthe xbrain xmost xcommonly xherniates xthrough xthe xtentorial xnotch? x-
xUncus x
x
(medial xpart xof xtemporal
xlobe)
x
does xweakness xoccur xon xthe xsame xor xopposite xside xof xthe xuncal xherniation? x-
xOPPOSITE. xthe xcorticospinal xtract xof xthe xmidbrain xis xcompressed xand xthen xcrosses
xat xthe xforamen xmagnum. x
x
state: xIpsilateral/contralateral x
x
____ xpupillary xdilation xassociated xwith x_____ xhemiparesis xis xthe xclassic xsign xof
xuncial x
x
herniation. x-
xipsi
x
contra x
x
average xICP xis x_____ xmmHg. x- x10 x
x
The xmonro-kellie xdoctrine xstates xthat xthe xtotal xvolume xof xintracranial xcontents xmust
xremain xconstant, xbecause xthe xcranium xis x___ x- xa xrigid, xnon xexpandable xcontainer. x
x
The xmonro-kellie xdoctrine xstates xthat x_____ xand x_____ xmay xbe xcompressed xout xof
xthe x
x
skull xproviding xa xdegree xof xbuffering. x- xCSF xand xvenous
xblood.
x
Once xthe xCSF xand xvenous xblood xreach xa xcertain xlevel xof xdisplacement xthe xICP
xrapidly x
x
increases.
x
What xis xthe xequation xfor xCPP x(cerebral xperfusion xpressure)? x- xCPP=MAP-ICP x
x
in xTBI, xEvery xeffort xshould xbe xmade xto xreduce x______, xwhile xnormalizing x____, x___,
xand x
