NURS 242 Medical-Surgical Nursing Concepts –
Galen College – 2024/2025 – Complete Study Pack
with Verified A+ Assignments and Clinical Prep
what are some clinical exemplars of health disparities? - unequal receipt of early and
inadequate prenatal care
unequal receipt of recommended immunizations
unequal pain mgmt
unequal breast cancer screening
unequal palliative care
health disparities...
context into nursing care...4 types? - 1. unavoidable and acceptable- health disparities
that are unavoidable and acceptable shouldnt be a concern for nurses (ie aging causes more
health concerns)
2. unavoidable and unacceptable- should be concern for nurses (ie high diabetes prevelance
among Hispanics- can be avoided by defeating health disparities due to access healthcare)
3. avoidable and acceptable- rare in healthcare (ie natural disasters and unequal health
outcomes among residents in affected areas may be acceptable eventhough disaster and
resultant health disparity could be avoidable)
4. avoidable and unacceptable- target for intervention (ie therapy in pain mgmt bw asians and
whites- cultural diff in pain mgmt- educate if needed)
5. lack of insurance and high healthcare costs
6. language barriers
7. lack of transportation
8. patient- provider communication
9. biased clinical decision making
10. pt mistrust and refusal
,what is the definition of health disparities? - diff in incidence, prevalence, mortality and
burden of diseases and other adverse health conditions that exist among specific populations in
US
Racial or ethnic diff. in the quality of healthcare that arent due to access related factors or
clinical needs, preferences and appropriateness of intervention
what are the theoretical links with healthcare disparities? - 1. social- ecological model-
explains dynamic interrelations among various personal and environmental factors- five socially
organized subsystems (microsystem, mecosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem)
2. structural- constructivist model- based on an assumption of dual nature of human existence-
reality of life is based on mental representation constructed by a combo of socially shared
understandings within a society
3. social culture construction of race/ethnicity that freq results in health disparities
4. culture competence model- grew out of effort to bridge divide bw largely biomedical, white
middle class american culture perspective of clinicians and perspectives of patients (mainly
immigrants) whose experience and language put them at a substantial cultural distance from
american healthcare.
what does the scope of health disparities entail? - acceptable, unavoidable, unacceptable
health disparities
acceptable, unavoidable, unacceptable
(ie unavoidable- age; avoidable- health outcomes due to unsafe living conditions)
attributes and criteria for health disparities? - if diff are observed in environment, access
to utilization of and quality of care, health status or a particular healthcare outcome, then its a
health disparity: 1. natural or biological variation, 2. health damaging behavior that is freely
chosen 3. transient health advantage of one group over another when one group is first to
adopt a health promotion behavior 4. health damaging behavior in which the degree of choice
of lifestyles is severely restricted 5. exposure to unhealthy, stressful living and working
conditions 6. inadequate access to essential health services and other basic services 7. natural
selection or health related social mobility involving the tendency for sick ppl to move down
social skill
, ________ _______= the ability to understand, communicate with and effectively interact with
people across cultures; encompasses being aware of one's own world view. developing positive
attitudes towards cultural differences. gaining knowledge of different cultural practices and
world views
______ ______= when people of different cultures are unable to understand each other's
customs, resulting in inconveniences and difficulties
______= widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or
thing
______= preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience
_____ _____= unconscious attribution of particular qualities to a member of a certain social
group (ie based on race, gender, etc)
_______ _______= are conditions in the environments in which people are born, live, learn,
work, play, worship, and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality-of-li -
cultural competence
cultural barriers
stereotype
prejudice
implicit biases
social determinants
What are rural risk factors for health disparities?
What intensifies these risks for the rural residents?
Who is working to reduce rural health disparities and what are they doing? - Geographic
location, lower socioeconomic status, higher rates of health risk behaviors, limited access to
healthcare specialists and subspecialists, and limited job opportunities
Rural residents are less likely to have employer-provided health insurance coverage, and if they
are poor, often are not covered by Medicaid
Federal and state agencies, membership organizations, and foundations
Galen College – 2024/2025 – Complete Study Pack
with Verified A+ Assignments and Clinical Prep
what are some clinical exemplars of health disparities? - unequal receipt of early and
inadequate prenatal care
unequal receipt of recommended immunizations
unequal pain mgmt
unequal breast cancer screening
unequal palliative care
health disparities...
context into nursing care...4 types? - 1. unavoidable and acceptable- health disparities
that are unavoidable and acceptable shouldnt be a concern for nurses (ie aging causes more
health concerns)
2. unavoidable and unacceptable- should be concern for nurses (ie high diabetes prevelance
among Hispanics- can be avoided by defeating health disparities due to access healthcare)
3. avoidable and acceptable- rare in healthcare (ie natural disasters and unequal health
outcomes among residents in affected areas may be acceptable eventhough disaster and
resultant health disparity could be avoidable)
4. avoidable and unacceptable- target for intervention (ie therapy in pain mgmt bw asians and
whites- cultural diff in pain mgmt- educate if needed)
5. lack of insurance and high healthcare costs
6. language barriers
7. lack of transportation
8. patient- provider communication
9. biased clinical decision making
10. pt mistrust and refusal
,what is the definition of health disparities? - diff in incidence, prevalence, mortality and
burden of diseases and other adverse health conditions that exist among specific populations in
US
Racial or ethnic diff. in the quality of healthcare that arent due to access related factors or
clinical needs, preferences and appropriateness of intervention
what are the theoretical links with healthcare disparities? - 1. social- ecological model-
explains dynamic interrelations among various personal and environmental factors- five socially
organized subsystems (microsystem, mecosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem)
2. structural- constructivist model- based on an assumption of dual nature of human existence-
reality of life is based on mental representation constructed by a combo of socially shared
understandings within a society
3. social culture construction of race/ethnicity that freq results in health disparities
4. culture competence model- grew out of effort to bridge divide bw largely biomedical, white
middle class american culture perspective of clinicians and perspectives of patients (mainly
immigrants) whose experience and language put them at a substantial cultural distance from
american healthcare.
what does the scope of health disparities entail? - acceptable, unavoidable, unacceptable
health disparities
acceptable, unavoidable, unacceptable
(ie unavoidable- age; avoidable- health outcomes due to unsafe living conditions)
attributes and criteria for health disparities? - if diff are observed in environment, access
to utilization of and quality of care, health status or a particular healthcare outcome, then its a
health disparity: 1. natural or biological variation, 2. health damaging behavior that is freely
chosen 3. transient health advantage of one group over another when one group is first to
adopt a health promotion behavior 4. health damaging behavior in which the degree of choice
of lifestyles is severely restricted 5. exposure to unhealthy, stressful living and working
conditions 6. inadequate access to essential health services and other basic services 7. natural
selection or health related social mobility involving the tendency for sick ppl to move down
social skill
, ________ _______= the ability to understand, communicate with and effectively interact with
people across cultures; encompasses being aware of one's own world view. developing positive
attitudes towards cultural differences. gaining knowledge of different cultural practices and
world views
______ ______= when people of different cultures are unable to understand each other's
customs, resulting in inconveniences and difficulties
______= widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or
thing
______= preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience
_____ _____= unconscious attribution of particular qualities to a member of a certain social
group (ie based on race, gender, etc)
_______ _______= are conditions in the environments in which people are born, live, learn,
work, play, worship, and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality-of-li -
cultural competence
cultural barriers
stereotype
prejudice
implicit biases
social determinants
What are rural risk factors for health disparities?
What intensifies these risks for the rural residents?
Who is working to reduce rural health disparities and what are they doing? - Geographic
location, lower socioeconomic status, higher rates of health risk behaviors, limited access to
healthcare specialists and subspecialists, and limited job opportunities
Rural residents are less likely to have employer-provided health insurance coverage, and if they
are poor, often are not covered by Medicaid
Federal and state agencies, membership organizations, and foundations
