1. Which of the following is a characteristic feature
of nephrotic syndrome?
A. Hematuria
B. Proteinuria >3.5 g/day
C. Hypoglycemia
D. Hypernatremia
Answer: B
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is marked by massive
proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema.
2. What is the primary pathology in achalasia?
A. Hypertrophy of the gastric wall
B. Autoimmune damage to parietal cells
C. Loss of esophageal peristalsis and LES relaxation
D. Overproduction of gastric acid
Answer: C
Rationale: Achalasia involves failure of the lower
esophageal sphincter to relax and loss of motility.
,3. A patient with polyuria, polydipsia, and a fasting
glucose of 130 mg/dL likely has:
A. Diabetes insipidus
B. Type 2 diabetes mellitus
C. SIADH
D. Hypoglycemia
Answer: B
Rationale: Elevated fasting glucose and symptoms
are consistent with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
4. What is the hallmark of Hodgkin lymphoma?
A. Bence Jones proteins
B. Philadelphia chromosome
C. Reed-Sternberg cells
D. Myeloblast proliferation
Answer: C
Rationale: Reed-Sternberg cells are large, abnormal
lymphocytes seen in Hodgkin lymphoma.
5. Which of the following is the most common cause
of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
, A. Glomerulonephritis
B. Hypertension
C. Diabetes mellitus
D. Polycystic kidney disease
Answer: C
Rationale: Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of
CKD due to chronic hyperglycemia damaging
nephrons.
6. What is the most likely complication of a deep
vein thrombosis (DVT)?
A. Stroke
B. Pulmonary embolism
C. Myocardial infarction
D. Chronic kidney disease
Answer: B
Rationale: A thrombus can dislodge from the deep
veins and travel to the lungs, causing a PE.
7. Hyperparathyroidism causes which of the
following lab abnormalities?
of nephrotic syndrome?
A. Hematuria
B. Proteinuria >3.5 g/day
C. Hypoglycemia
D. Hypernatremia
Answer: B
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is marked by massive
proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema.
2. What is the primary pathology in achalasia?
A. Hypertrophy of the gastric wall
B. Autoimmune damage to parietal cells
C. Loss of esophageal peristalsis and LES relaxation
D. Overproduction of gastric acid
Answer: C
Rationale: Achalasia involves failure of the lower
esophageal sphincter to relax and loss of motility.
,3. A patient with polyuria, polydipsia, and a fasting
glucose of 130 mg/dL likely has:
A. Diabetes insipidus
B. Type 2 diabetes mellitus
C. SIADH
D. Hypoglycemia
Answer: B
Rationale: Elevated fasting glucose and symptoms
are consistent with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
4. What is the hallmark of Hodgkin lymphoma?
A. Bence Jones proteins
B. Philadelphia chromosome
C. Reed-Sternberg cells
D. Myeloblast proliferation
Answer: C
Rationale: Reed-Sternberg cells are large, abnormal
lymphocytes seen in Hodgkin lymphoma.
5. Which of the following is the most common cause
of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
, A. Glomerulonephritis
B. Hypertension
C. Diabetes mellitus
D. Polycystic kidney disease
Answer: C
Rationale: Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of
CKD due to chronic hyperglycemia damaging
nephrons.
6. What is the most likely complication of a deep
vein thrombosis (DVT)?
A. Stroke
B. Pulmonary embolism
C. Myocardial infarction
D. Chronic kidney disease
Answer: B
Rationale: A thrombus can dislodge from the deep
veins and travel to the lungs, causing a PE.
7. Hyperparathyroidism causes which of the
following lab abnormalities?
