PCN 360 EXAMINATION TEST 2025/2026 QUESTIONS
WITH ANSWERS TAGGED A+
✔✔Why do victims of elder and DV stay? - ✔✔Dependence: Elderly individuals may rely
on their abuser for care, shelter, or financial support. They might fear losing these
resources if they leave.
Isolation: Some victims might be socially isolated, lacking a support network or anyone
to turn to for help. This isolation can make it harder to seek assistance or leave the
abusive situation.
Shame: Some vicitms of abuse feel ashamed or guilty of their abuse. Sometimes they
feel it's their fault or its their duty to handle the abuse and be tough.
✔✔What is a safety plan? (how and when to use it) - ✔✔A safety plan is a personalized,
practical strategy designed to help individuals stay safe and reduce their risk of harm in
abusive situations. It includes steps and guidelines on what to do during an abusive
incident (such as how to access help, identify safe spaces, gather important
documents). Safety plans are developed with the counselor and victim and are tailored
to the victim's specific situation.
✔✔How is the FRAMES model used as an intervention? - ✔✔The FRAMES model is an
intervention strategy to facilitate behavior change.
Feedback: Provide feedback about clients' behavior in a non-confrontational manner to
increase their awareness/understanding of the issue.
Responsibility: Getting the client to be able to take responsibility for their behavior and
heal
Advice to change: Offering clear, specific, and practical advice for change without
judging
Menu of change options: Giving client a range of choices, explaining their options (what
happens if they stay in the relationship or decide to stay)
Empathy: Being empathetic and genuine to clients allows them to feel heard and adhere
to treatment and change.
Self-efficacy: Enhancing clients' ability to change and highlighting their strengths gives
them hope and confidence.
✔✔IPV context and progression - ✔✔IPV refers to any behavior within an intimate
relationship that causes physical, psychological, or sexual harm. All about power and
control. Purpose is to instill fear into the victim.
Tension Builds: The victim becomes fearful and tries anything to placate the abuser.
The Incident: Engaging in verbal, emotional, and physical abuse. Name-calling, threats,
humiliation.
Reconciliation: The abuser does everything and anything to win the victim back,
promises it will never happen again, and justifies their abuse.
The Calm: The incident is forgiven, Pretends to be a good boy or girl for a while, and no
abuse happens for a while.
, ✔✔What gender issues play into child abuse? - ✔✔Gender bias can play a role in how
young boys and girls are abused. Based on gender stereotypes, boys might be more
vulnerable to physical abuse because they are perceived as tough, while girls might
face different forms of emotional or sexual abuse.
✔✔What gender issues play into elder abuse? - ✔✔Female elders may be more
susceptible to abuse, as women tend to live longer and might have a higher likelihood of
requiring caregiving.
✔✔What gender issues play into DV? - ✔✔Traditional beliefs about gender roles like
masculinity and femininity can lead to the belief that men should have power and control
over females. This contributes to the DV statistics as more women are victims of DV.
✔✔LGTBQ community and DV - ✔✔The LGTBQ community faces more shame and
stigma when faced with DV. Due to lack of support, LGBTQ+ individuals might fear
discrimination or judgment from authorities or support services, which can prevent them
from seeking help. Members also face limited resources as access to LGBTQ specific
services/shelters might be limited in certain areas.
✔✔ Reasons DV stats can be low/not accurate or misleading - ✔✔Shame: Traditional
gender roles can lead to underreporting. Men might feel ashamed to report abuse due
to societal expectations of masculinity, leading to their underrepresentation in statistics.
Underreporting: Victims might fear retaliation or lack trust in the system, leading to
underreporting incidents to authorities.
Lack of Documentation: Not all incidents are documented or reported to law
enforcement, making it challenging to capture the full scope of the problem.
✔✔What is child abuse? (list the different kinds) - ✔✔Child abuse refers to any form of
harm or mistreatment inflicted upon a child under the age of 18.
Physical, emotional, neglect, sexual and child exploitation
✔✔Physical Abuse (Child) - ✔✔Involves intentional physical harm or injury to a child. It
can include hitting, punching, shaking, kicking, burning, or any other form of physical
violence.
✔✔Emotional Abuse (Child) - ✔✔this type of abuse involves behaviors that can cause
severe emotional harm or undermine a child's self-worth. (Examples include constant
criticism, humiliation, rejection, and threats).
✔✔Sexual Abuse (Child) - ✔✔Involves any sexual activity or exploitation imposed on a
child. (ex, inappropriate touching, sexual assault, exposure to sexual content, or any
form of sexual exploitation)
✔✔Neglect (Child) - ✔✔Neglect occurs when a caregiver fails to provide the necessary
care, supervision, or support for a child's health, safety, and well-being. (Ex: neglecting
WITH ANSWERS TAGGED A+
✔✔Why do victims of elder and DV stay? - ✔✔Dependence: Elderly individuals may rely
on their abuser for care, shelter, or financial support. They might fear losing these
resources if they leave.
Isolation: Some victims might be socially isolated, lacking a support network or anyone
to turn to for help. This isolation can make it harder to seek assistance or leave the
abusive situation.
Shame: Some vicitms of abuse feel ashamed or guilty of their abuse. Sometimes they
feel it's their fault or its their duty to handle the abuse and be tough.
✔✔What is a safety plan? (how and when to use it) - ✔✔A safety plan is a personalized,
practical strategy designed to help individuals stay safe and reduce their risk of harm in
abusive situations. It includes steps and guidelines on what to do during an abusive
incident (such as how to access help, identify safe spaces, gather important
documents). Safety plans are developed with the counselor and victim and are tailored
to the victim's specific situation.
✔✔How is the FRAMES model used as an intervention? - ✔✔The FRAMES model is an
intervention strategy to facilitate behavior change.
Feedback: Provide feedback about clients' behavior in a non-confrontational manner to
increase their awareness/understanding of the issue.
Responsibility: Getting the client to be able to take responsibility for their behavior and
heal
Advice to change: Offering clear, specific, and practical advice for change without
judging
Menu of change options: Giving client a range of choices, explaining their options (what
happens if they stay in the relationship or decide to stay)
Empathy: Being empathetic and genuine to clients allows them to feel heard and adhere
to treatment and change.
Self-efficacy: Enhancing clients' ability to change and highlighting their strengths gives
them hope and confidence.
✔✔IPV context and progression - ✔✔IPV refers to any behavior within an intimate
relationship that causes physical, psychological, or sexual harm. All about power and
control. Purpose is to instill fear into the victim.
Tension Builds: The victim becomes fearful and tries anything to placate the abuser.
The Incident: Engaging in verbal, emotional, and physical abuse. Name-calling, threats,
humiliation.
Reconciliation: The abuser does everything and anything to win the victim back,
promises it will never happen again, and justifies their abuse.
The Calm: The incident is forgiven, Pretends to be a good boy or girl for a while, and no
abuse happens for a while.
, ✔✔What gender issues play into child abuse? - ✔✔Gender bias can play a role in how
young boys and girls are abused. Based on gender stereotypes, boys might be more
vulnerable to physical abuse because they are perceived as tough, while girls might
face different forms of emotional or sexual abuse.
✔✔What gender issues play into elder abuse? - ✔✔Female elders may be more
susceptible to abuse, as women tend to live longer and might have a higher likelihood of
requiring caregiving.
✔✔What gender issues play into DV? - ✔✔Traditional beliefs about gender roles like
masculinity and femininity can lead to the belief that men should have power and control
over females. This contributes to the DV statistics as more women are victims of DV.
✔✔LGTBQ community and DV - ✔✔The LGTBQ community faces more shame and
stigma when faced with DV. Due to lack of support, LGBTQ+ individuals might fear
discrimination or judgment from authorities or support services, which can prevent them
from seeking help. Members also face limited resources as access to LGBTQ specific
services/shelters might be limited in certain areas.
✔✔ Reasons DV stats can be low/not accurate or misleading - ✔✔Shame: Traditional
gender roles can lead to underreporting. Men might feel ashamed to report abuse due
to societal expectations of masculinity, leading to their underrepresentation in statistics.
Underreporting: Victims might fear retaliation or lack trust in the system, leading to
underreporting incidents to authorities.
Lack of Documentation: Not all incidents are documented or reported to law
enforcement, making it challenging to capture the full scope of the problem.
✔✔What is child abuse? (list the different kinds) - ✔✔Child abuse refers to any form of
harm or mistreatment inflicted upon a child under the age of 18.
Physical, emotional, neglect, sexual and child exploitation
✔✔Physical Abuse (Child) - ✔✔Involves intentional physical harm or injury to a child. It
can include hitting, punching, shaking, kicking, burning, or any other form of physical
violence.
✔✔Emotional Abuse (Child) - ✔✔this type of abuse involves behaviors that can cause
severe emotional harm or undermine a child's self-worth. (Examples include constant
criticism, humiliation, rejection, and threats).
✔✔Sexual Abuse (Child) - ✔✔Involves any sexual activity or exploitation imposed on a
child. (ex, inappropriate touching, sexual assault, exposure to sexual content, or any
form of sexual exploitation)
✔✔Neglect (Child) - ✔✔Neglect occurs when a caregiver fails to provide the necessary
care, supervision, or support for a child's health, safety, and well-being. (Ex: neglecting
