1- Athens had a direct democracy
2- 300 movie was about the battle of Thermopylae (480 BCE)
3- Battle of Marathon (490 BCE)
4- Battle of Salamis (490 BCE)
5- Battle of Plataea (479 BCE)
6- The result of these battles were that the greeks pereseved their
indepencece and halted persian expansion into Europe
7- Philip II united Greek city states using new military technologies
8- Socratic dialogue is a method of discussion where one person
(usually Socrates in Plato’s dialogues) asks a series of thought-
provoking questions to challenge assumptions, clarify concepts, and
encourage deeper thinking. The goal is to arrive at a clearer
understanding of an issue through critical questioning rather than
direct teaching.
9- When they ask you to compare, you should put differences and
similarities too between each other
Don’t memorize paintings
Don’t learn maps
Don’t learn all the dates
Study all the dates including war but don’t need to know all the battles
Powerpoint presentation
Everything he said in class
All the stuff on canvas you need to know
Lecture 1
1- AD (Anno Domini) is a Latin term meaning "in the year of the Lord."
It is used to count years based on the estimated birth of Jesus
Christ. After the birth of Jesus.
2- BC (Before Christ) is a system for counting years before the
estimated birth of Jesus Christ.
3- BCE “before the common era” and CE “common era”
4- Both BC and BCE refer to dates before year 1 CE/AD.
5- The bigger the number, the earlier the date.
500 BCE is before 200 BCE
Same with BC: 500 BC is before 200 BC
6- 1957-1972: Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, Italy, Germany
7- 1973-1980: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom
8- 1981-1985: Greece
9- 1986-1993: Portugal, Spain
,10- 1993-2004: Finland, Austria, Sweden, East Germany (before reunification
with West Germany in 1990)
11- 2004-2013: Cyprus, Malta, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Hungary, Bulgaria,
Romania, Poland, Slovenia, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Croatia
12- 2016-2020: Brexit saga (United Kingdom leaving the European Union)
13- In 1987: application of Morocco was rejected on the grounds
that Morocco was not considered to be a ‘European country’
14- Any European State which respects the values referred to in
Article 2 and is committed to promoting them may apply to become
a member of the Union but it is a political decision at the end
15- Armenia, Georgia, Turkey and Ukraine satisfy the requirements
for application
16- The ‘Council of Europe’ - An international organisation with the
goal of upholding human rights, democracy and the rule of law in
Europe
Ex: the European Court of Human Rights (not to be confused with
the Court of Justice of the EU)
17- “Any European State which is deemed to be able and willing to
fulfil the provisions of Article 3 may be invited to become a member
of the Council of Europe by the Committee of Ministers.” (Article 4 of
the Statute of the CoE)
18- Today council of Europe has = 46 Member States (Russia was
also a Member)
19- The Roman Empire split in 285 AD under Diocletian, but the
final division occurred in 395 AD after Theodosius I's death.
20- Inspiration = Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson and James
Robinson, winners of 2024 the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic
Sciences
21- the city of Nogales, on the border between the USA
and Mexico, as an example (see text on Canvas – self study!
– mandatory)
22- See article NY Times on Canvas
23- See two classes on ‘Eastern Europe’
Lecture 2
1- Around 8th century BCE: formation of the Greek city-state (Polis) –
area covering modern Greece and beyond
2- Different government forms: ‘Democracy’ (Athens), Oligarchy
(power with small group of people) (Sparta), Monarchy (early
Greece)
3- Ancient Greece, which was not a unified country but a loose
collection of city-states (poleis) that shared similar culture and
language.
, Major City-States: Key city-states included Athens (known for
democracy and philosophy) and Sparta (a militaristic society).
Greek Settlements: Greeks established colonies across the
Mediterranean (Italy, Turkey, North Africa) for trade and resources.
Geography’s Impact: Greece's mountainous terrain led to
independent city-states rather than a single empire. Proximity to the
sea encouraged trade and naval power.
Economy: Predominantly an agricultural society, but trade was
essential. They likely used barter systems before adopting
coinage.
4- The Classical Period (c. 500–323 BCE)
• Persian Wars • Peloponnesian War
5- Persian Wars (c. 499–449 BCE)
6- Peloponnesian War (431–404 BCE)
7- The "c." in "c. 499 BCE" stands for "circa," a Latin word meaning
"around" or "approximately." It is used when the exact date is
uncertain but falls close to the given year.
8- The Conquests of Alexander the Great (336–323 BCE) and the
expansion of Greek culture across the known world during the
Hellenistic Period that followed his death.
9- In 146 BCE, Rome conquered Greece, ending its political
independence. Despite this, the Romans highly admired Greek
culture and adopted many aspects of it, including philosophy, art,
and architecture.
10- Persian war:
11- Series of conflicts between the Greek city-states and the
Persian Empire, mainly due to Persian expansion into Greek
territories and Greek support for revolts against Persian rule.
12- Many ‘famous’ battles, such as ‘Battle of Marathon’ (490 BCE),
‘Battle of Thermopylae’ (480 BCE), ‘Battle of Salamis’ (480 BCE),
‘Battle of Plataea’ (479 BCE)
13- As a result of their victory in the Persian Wars, the Greeks
preserved their independence and halted Persian expansion into
Europe. This allowed for a period of significant cultural and
political growth in Greece.
14- The Peloponnesian War (431–404 BCE) was a conflict
between Athens (Delian League) and Sparta (Peloponnesian
League).
Cause: Rising tensions after the Persian Wars, as Athens grew
powerful and expanded its influence.
Sparta’s Response: Feared Athenian dominance and led the war
to challenge its power.
, Short term: End of Athenian dominance in Greece and short period
of Spartan dominance
Long term: Weakening of all Greek city-states, making them
vulnerable to ‘Macedonian conquest’
15- Philip II of Macedon (382–336 BCE) united Greek city-states
under Macedonian rule (weakness of Greek city-states + advantage
of new ‘military technologies’ (Macedonian phalanx-)
16- After Philip’s assassination in 336 BCE, succeeded by his son,
Alexander (‘the Great’)
17- After Philip II's assassination in 336 BCE, his son Alexander
the Great became king.
He defeated the Persian Empire and expanded his rule from
Greece to Egypt, Persia, and India.
His conquests spread Hellenistic culture, blending Greek, Persian,
Indian, and Eastern influences.
After his death in 323 BCE, his vast empire was divided among his
generals, known as the Diadochi.
18- In ancient times, there were no separate economic sciences.
Instead, economic issues were discussed by philosophers, such as
Plato and Aristotle, within the broader context of politics, ethics,
and society.
19- The Oeconomicus (Οἰκονομικός) by Xenophon is a
Socratic dialogue focused on household management and
agriculture. Origin of economy.
20- Plato (427–347 BCE), Aristotle’s teacher, wrote dialogues
featuring his own teacher Socrates
21- In Politeia (The Republic, 374 BCE), Plato explores
justice and the ideal state, proposing a strict hierarchical
society with three classes:
22- Philosopher-Kings, Guardians and Producers/Workers
Education & Selection: A common education with an exam at
age 30 determines one's role.
Wealth & Property: Too much wealth leads to laziness and
jealousy, so the upper classes own no private property and
share limited possessions—often called "Plato’s aristocratic
communism."
“This makes society better” (qualitative argument (see later Adam
Smith who uses a quantitative argument))
23- In Nomoi (The Laws), Plato refined his views on society:
• The two highest classes can have private property
• However, land must be divided equally
• Even though he accepts that ownership can change, he argues
that each piece of land must allow its owner to survive
2- 300 movie was about the battle of Thermopylae (480 BCE)
3- Battle of Marathon (490 BCE)
4- Battle of Salamis (490 BCE)
5- Battle of Plataea (479 BCE)
6- The result of these battles were that the greeks pereseved their
indepencece and halted persian expansion into Europe
7- Philip II united Greek city states using new military technologies
8- Socratic dialogue is a method of discussion where one person
(usually Socrates in Plato’s dialogues) asks a series of thought-
provoking questions to challenge assumptions, clarify concepts, and
encourage deeper thinking. The goal is to arrive at a clearer
understanding of an issue through critical questioning rather than
direct teaching.
9- When they ask you to compare, you should put differences and
similarities too between each other
Don’t memorize paintings
Don’t learn maps
Don’t learn all the dates
Study all the dates including war but don’t need to know all the battles
Powerpoint presentation
Everything he said in class
All the stuff on canvas you need to know
Lecture 1
1- AD (Anno Domini) is a Latin term meaning "in the year of the Lord."
It is used to count years based on the estimated birth of Jesus
Christ. After the birth of Jesus.
2- BC (Before Christ) is a system for counting years before the
estimated birth of Jesus Christ.
3- BCE “before the common era” and CE “common era”
4- Both BC and BCE refer to dates before year 1 CE/AD.
5- The bigger the number, the earlier the date.
500 BCE is before 200 BCE
Same with BC: 500 BC is before 200 BC
6- 1957-1972: Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, Italy, Germany
7- 1973-1980: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom
8- 1981-1985: Greece
9- 1986-1993: Portugal, Spain
,10- 1993-2004: Finland, Austria, Sweden, East Germany (before reunification
with West Germany in 1990)
11- 2004-2013: Cyprus, Malta, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Hungary, Bulgaria,
Romania, Poland, Slovenia, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Croatia
12- 2016-2020: Brexit saga (United Kingdom leaving the European Union)
13- In 1987: application of Morocco was rejected on the grounds
that Morocco was not considered to be a ‘European country’
14- Any European State which respects the values referred to in
Article 2 and is committed to promoting them may apply to become
a member of the Union but it is a political decision at the end
15- Armenia, Georgia, Turkey and Ukraine satisfy the requirements
for application
16- The ‘Council of Europe’ - An international organisation with the
goal of upholding human rights, democracy and the rule of law in
Europe
Ex: the European Court of Human Rights (not to be confused with
the Court of Justice of the EU)
17- “Any European State which is deemed to be able and willing to
fulfil the provisions of Article 3 may be invited to become a member
of the Council of Europe by the Committee of Ministers.” (Article 4 of
the Statute of the CoE)
18- Today council of Europe has = 46 Member States (Russia was
also a Member)
19- The Roman Empire split in 285 AD under Diocletian, but the
final division occurred in 395 AD after Theodosius I's death.
20- Inspiration = Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson and James
Robinson, winners of 2024 the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic
Sciences
21- the city of Nogales, on the border between the USA
and Mexico, as an example (see text on Canvas – self study!
– mandatory)
22- See article NY Times on Canvas
23- See two classes on ‘Eastern Europe’
Lecture 2
1- Around 8th century BCE: formation of the Greek city-state (Polis) –
area covering modern Greece and beyond
2- Different government forms: ‘Democracy’ (Athens), Oligarchy
(power with small group of people) (Sparta), Monarchy (early
Greece)
3- Ancient Greece, which was not a unified country but a loose
collection of city-states (poleis) that shared similar culture and
language.
, Major City-States: Key city-states included Athens (known for
democracy and philosophy) and Sparta (a militaristic society).
Greek Settlements: Greeks established colonies across the
Mediterranean (Italy, Turkey, North Africa) for trade and resources.
Geography’s Impact: Greece's mountainous terrain led to
independent city-states rather than a single empire. Proximity to the
sea encouraged trade and naval power.
Economy: Predominantly an agricultural society, but trade was
essential. They likely used barter systems before adopting
coinage.
4- The Classical Period (c. 500–323 BCE)
• Persian Wars • Peloponnesian War
5- Persian Wars (c. 499–449 BCE)
6- Peloponnesian War (431–404 BCE)
7- The "c." in "c. 499 BCE" stands for "circa," a Latin word meaning
"around" or "approximately." It is used when the exact date is
uncertain but falls close to the given year.
8- The Conquests of Alexander the Great (336–323 BCE) and the
expansion of Greek culture across the known world during the
Hellenistic Period that followed his death.
9- In 146 BCE, Rome conquered Greece, ending its political
independence. Despite this, the Romans highly admired Greek
culture and adopted many aspects of it, including philosophy, art,
and architecture.
10- Persian war:
11- Series of conflicts between the Greek city-states and the
Persian Empire, mainly due to Persian expansion into Greek
territories and Greek support for revolts against Persian rule.
12- Many ‘famous’ battles, such as ‘Battle of Marathon’ (490 BCE),
‘Battle of Thermopylae’ (480 BCE), ‘Battle of Salamis’ (480 BCE),
‘Battle of Plataea’ (479 BCE)
13- As a result of their victory in the Persian Wars, the Greeks
preserved their independence and halted Persian expansion into
Europe. This allowed for a period of significant cultural and
political growth in Greece.
14- The Peloponnesian War (431–404 BCE) was a conflict
between Athens (Delian League) and Sparta (Peloponnesian
League).
Cause: Rising tensions after the Persian Wars, as Athens grew
powerful and expanded its influence.
Sparta’s Response: Feared Athenian dominance and led the war
to challenge its power.
, Short term: End of Athenian dominance in Greece and short period
of Spartan dominance
Long term: Weakening of all Greek city-states, making them
vulnerable to ‘Macedonian conquest’
15- Philip II of Macedon (382–336 BCE) united Greek city-states
under Macedonian rule (weakness of Greek city-states + advantage
of new ‘military technologies’ (Macedonian phalanx-)
16- After Philip’s assassination in 336 BCE, succeeded by his son,
Alexander (‘the Great’)
17- After Philip II's assassination in 336 BCE, his son Alexander
the Great became king.
He defeated the Persian Empire and expanded his rule from
Greece to Egypt, Persia, and India.
His conquests spread Hellenistic culture, blending Greek, Persian,
Indian, and Eastern influences.
After his death in 323 BCE, his vast empire was divided among his
generals, known as the Diadochi.
18- In ancient times, there were no separate economic sciences.
Instead, economic issues were discussed by philosophers, such as
Plato and Aristotle, within the broader context of politics, ethics,
and society.
19- The Oeconomicus (Οἰκονομικός) by Xenophon is a
Socratic dialogue focused on household management and
agriculture. Origin of economy.
20- Plato (427–347 BCE), Aristotle’s teacher, wrote dialogues
featuring his own teacher Socrates
21- In Politeia (The Republic, 374 BCE), Plato explores
justice and the ideal state, proposing a strict hierarchical
society with three classes:
22- Philosopher-Kings, Guardians and Producers/Workers
Education & Selection: A common education with an exam at
age 30 determines one's role.
Wealth & Property: Too much wealth leads to laziness and
jealousy, so the upper classes own no private property and
share limited possessions—often called "Plato’s aristocratic
communism."
“This makes society better” (qualitative argument (see later Adam
Smith who uses a quantitative argument))
23- In Nomoi (The Laws), Plato refined his views on society:
• The two highest classes can have private property
• However, land must be divided equally
• Even though he accepts that ownership can change, he argues
that each piece of land must allow its owner to survive
