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Samenvatting Hedendaagse sociologische theorie

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Volledige samenvatting van het vak Hedendaagse sociologische theorie 2024/2025 onder prof Vandepitte. de samenvatting bevat een inhoudstabel gegroepeerd per college.

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Inhoudsopgave
college 1: inleiding......................................................................................................................................... 6

Wat is theorie?......................................................................................................................................................6
Theorie?.............................................................................................................................................................6
theorieën worden zowel gevormd door ‘empirische observaties’ als door algemene veronderstellingen.....7
Theorie?.............................................................................................................................................................9
theorie en onderzoek: het praktische nut van theorie?...................................................................................9
hoe komt theorie tot stand?...........................................................................................................................11

Sociologische theorie?.........................................................................................................................................13
algemene versus specifieke theorie................................................................................................................13
sociologische theorie of sociale theorie..........................................................................................................13
hoofdvragen van de sociologie.......................................................................................................................13

college 2 & 3: interpretatieve handelingstheorie (symbolisch interactionisme, Erving Goffman, randall collins,
etnomethodolgie)........................................................................................................................................ 14

handelingtheorie?...............................................................................................................................................14

interpretatieve handelingstheorie......................................................................................................................14
historische context en voorlopers...................................................................................................................14

herbert blumer’s formulering als ‘symbolisch interactionisme..........................................................................19
blumer definieerd symbolisch interactionisme adhv 3 veronderstellingen...................................................19
symbolische (interactie)..................................................................................................................................20
focus op symbolisering (indicaties) en betekenisgeving (interpretaties) binnen situationele interacties.....21
‘fitting together’: het afstemmen van handelingslijnen en interpretaties.....................................................22
sociale structuur?............................................................................................................................................23
kritiek (howard becker)...................................................................................................................................23

het dramatische perspectief...............................................................................................................................25
erving goffman................................................................................................................................................25
Randall Collins.................................................................................................................................................32

enkele toepassingen van symbolisch interactionisme, Goffman, collins............................................................34
Sociologie van geweld.....................................................................................................................................34
sociologie van emoties....................................................................................................................................35
sociologie van sociale stratificatie...................................................................................................................36

etnomethodologie...............................................................................................................................................38
garfinkels ordeverstoringen (‘breaching experiments’).................................................................................38
etnomethodologie...........................................................................................................................................39
interpretatieve procedures.............................................................................................................................40
conversatie analyse.........................................................................................................................................41
Garfinkels ordeverstoringen (‘breaching experiments’).................................................................................41
kritieken?.........................................................................................................................................................42

college 4: Rationele keuzetheorie................................................................................................................. 42

handelingstheorie...............................................................................................................................................42

handelingsmodellen: rationele keuzetheorie......................................................................................................43


1

, geschiedenis en context: sociale orde door eigenbelang...................................................................................43

uitgangspunten...................................................................................................................................................44
rationele keuzetheorie....................................................................................................................................44
george homans’ ruiltheorie.............................................................................................................................44
peter blau’s sociale ruil theorie.......................................................................................................................44
basisassumpties...............................................................................................................................................45
assumptie van (doel-)rationaliteit: implicaties...............................................................................................45
basisassumpties: onzekerheid en risico’s.......................................................................................................46
basisassumpties: strategische of parametrische keuzes................................................................................47

toepassingen (‘parametrische’ individuele gedragsmodel)................................................................................47
toepassing 1: democratische verkiezingen en stemgedrag............................................................................47
toepassing 2: menselijke generositeit en giften.............................................................................................48
toepassing 3: religie........................................................................................................................................48

speltheorie of Game theory (sociale interactie)..................................................................................................49
verschillende soorten spellen.........................................................................................................................50
collectieve-actie problemen: het gevangenendilemma (prisoner’s dilemma)...............................................50
tragedy of the commons (Hardin)...................................................................................................................52
sociale dilemma’s............................................................................................................................................56

kritiek..................................................................................................................................................................56
kritiek op RCT..................................................................................................................................................56

college 5: functionalisme, de handelings- en systeemtheorie van Talcot Parsons..........................................57

van handelingen naar sociale structuur/sociale systemen: het zogenaamde ‘micro-macro’ of ‘structure-
agency’ probleem................................................................................................................................................58
een verwante tegenstelling: structuur- ‘agency’............................................................................................58
hedendaagse sociologische theorie: synthesepogingen om micro-macro tweespalt te overstijgen............58

voorbij handelings- en systeemtheorie...............................................................................................................59

functionalisme.....................................................................................................................................................59
geschiedenis en context (structureel functionalisme.....................................................................................60
functionalistische denken: een toepassing.....................................................................................................62
parsons: algemene situering en theorieopvatting..........................................................................................63
de vroege parsons: handelingstheorie............................................................................................................65
parsons als systeemtheoreticus......................................................................................................................66
de kernbegrippen: institutionalisering, internalisering en socialisatie, sociale controle...............................68
sociale verandering: modernisering als functionele differentiatie en culturele generalisatie.......................70
formalisering van normatieve waardepatronen: patroonvariabelen.............................................................71
een toepassing van parsons’ theorie: ziekte en gezondheid..........................................................................73
parsons’ Agil-schema.......................................................................................................................................74
kritiek...............................................................................................................................................................75
Zoom-out 1: Lewis Coser/ George simmel: de positieve functies van het conflict........................................76
zoom-out 2: Robert Merton’s epistemologische kritiek op het functionalisme.............................................77

college 6 & 7: niklas Luhmann’s.................................................................................................................... 78

algemene situering.............................................................................................................................................78

werkwijze en theorieopvatting...........................................................................................................................79

algemene systeemtheorie...................................................................................................................................79

2

, sociale systemen als communicatiesystemen.....................................................................................................80
luhmanns communicatiebegrip......................................................................................................................82
communicatie als drieéénheid........................................................................................................................82

verhouding psychische en sociale systemen.......................................................................................................83
‘communicatief’ begrijpen en ‘psychisch’ begrijpen......................................................................................83

maatschappijtheorie...........................................................................................................................................84
types sociale systemen....................................................................................................................................84
vormen van systeemdifferentiatie..................................................................................................................84
functionele differentiatie................................................................................................................................85

college 8: de erfenis van Marx: kritische theorie...........................................................................................87

kritische maatschappijtheorie: basiskenmerken................................................................................................88
‘kritische’ theorie?...........................................................................................................................................88
moderne kritiek: Marx....................................................................................................................................88
traditionele versus kritische theorie (Max horkheimer, 1937).......................................................................88
kennisbelangen – Habernas, 1968..................................................................................................................89
Burawoy’s opdeling van sociologie.................................................................................................................89
kritische theorie vs kritische theorie...............................................................................................................89
kritische theorie vandaag................................................................................................................................90
‘critical theories’..............................................................................................................................................90
een toenemende nadruk op ‘subjectieve identiteit’......................................................................................90

de erfenis van marx: kritische analyse van het kapitalistische bestel................................................................91
de erfenis van marx: doctrinair marxisme of revisionisme?...........................................................................91
ontstaan kritische theorie: institüt für sozialforschung (‘frankfurter schule’), 1924.....................................91
de crisis van de marxistische maatschappijkritiek..........................................................................................91

Horkheimer & adorno: dialectiek van de verlichting..........................................................................................92
‘dialectische’ kritiek?.......................................................................................................................................93
dialectiek van de verlichting (1944)................................................................................................................93
dialectiek van de verlichting............................................................................................................................93
dialectische tegenstelling tussen verlichting en mythologie..........................................................................93
dialectiek van de verlichting............................................................................................................................94
de filosofische dimensie..................................................................................................................................95
de politiek-psychologishe dimensie: ‘the authoritian personality’.................................................................96
cultuurindustrie...............................................................................................................................................97
kunst als laatste protest en toevluchtsoord...................................................................................................98
arnold schönberg/Samuel beckett..................................................................................................................98

walter benjamin: vooruitgang als catastrofe.....................................................................................................98
Walter benjamin (1892-1940).........................................................................................................................98
‘theses on history’ (1940)................................................................................................................................99
toepassing: post-apocalyptisch environmentalism (carl cassegard & hakan thörn, 2022)............................99

college 9 – kritische theorie, Michel Foucault, analyses van het hedendaagse kapitalisme..........................100

de erfenis van weber: de dwang en ‘irrationaliteit’ van doorgedreven rationalisering...................................100
modernisering als rationalisatie: max weber................................................................................................101
verabsolutisering van efficiëntie, bereknbaarheid, voorspelbaarheid en controle......................................101
de blijvende invloed van Marx en weber: sociologie als studie van het kapitalisme...................................101

Streeck: kapitalisme als historisch systeem......................................................................................................102

3

, kapitalisme als historisch systeem................................................................................................................102
Streeck: hoe hedendaags kapitalisme bestuderen?.....................................................................................102
streeck: ‘how will capitalism end? (2014).....................................................................................................104

Michel Foucault: rationalisering, disciplinering en controle.............................................................................104
modernisering als disciplinering: Foucault....................................................................................................104
surveiller et punir (1976)...............................................................................................................................105
omslag van macht: van klassieke ‘soeverein’ naar modenre maatschappij als panopticon........................105

enkele kritische analyses van het hedendaagse kapitalistisch bestel..............................................................107
Foucault’s analyse van neo-liberlaisme........................................................................................................107
naar een digitaal kapitalisme?......................................................................................................................109

college 10 – Mondiaal kapitalisme en globalisering....................................................................................110

Theorieën van mondiaal kapitalisme (cf. tekst Robinson 128-133)..................................................................110
Immanuel Wallerstein’s ‘wereld-systeemtheorie’........................................................................................110
het kapitalistische wereldsysteem................................................................................................................111
het plantage systeem....................................................................................................................................111
internationale arbeidsverdeling....................................................................................................................112
theorieën van mondiaal kapitalisme.............................................................................................................112

Globalisering: ontstaan van een wereldmaatschappij en wereldcultuur.........................................................113
globalisering als tijdsdiagnose.......................................................................................................................113
de reconfiguratie van tijd en ruimte.............................................................................................................113
theorieën van globalisering...........................................................................................................................114
kritiek op het ‘methodologisch nationalisme’ van de sociale wetenschappen............................................115
sociale relaties als netwerken.......................................................................................................................115
KOF - globaliseringsindex..............................................................................................................................116
manuel castells: de mondiale netwerkmaatschappij....................................................................................116
protest in de netwerkmaatschappij..............................................................................................................117
wanneer begint globalisering?......................................................................................................................117

korte geschiedenis van globalisering................................................................................................................118
wereldwijde vernetwerking tot 1750............................................................................................................118
de eerste globalisering (1750-1890-de lange 19e E).....................................................................................120
de tweede globalisering (vanaf 1945)...........................................................................................................122

College 11 - post-kolonialisme in de sociologie........................................................................................... 123
kolonialisme......................................................................................................................................................124
de opkomst van ‘de westerse wereld’..........................................................................................................124
britse koloniale imperium.............................................................................................................................124
franse koloniale imperium............................................................................................................................124
belgische koloniale imperium.......................................................................................................................124
het (koloniale) imperium...............................................................................................................................125
kolonisatie.....................................................................................................................................................125
het koloniale systeem: economisch..............................................................................................................126
het plantage systeem....................................................................................................................................126
het koloniale systeem: politiek-juridisch......................................................................................................126
koloniale imperia en cultuur.........................................................................................................................127
missionering..................................................................................................................................................127
de westerse moderniteit als raciaal project..................................................................................................127


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