NOCTI COMPUTER NETWORKING STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS MARKED A+
✔✔Ranges of IP address that anyone can use for their internal networks are known as -
✔✔non-routable address space
✔✔how many octets are in an IP address - ✔✔4
✔✔using logical operators, 1 AND 0 = - ✔✔0
✔✔in binary 1 + 1 = - ✔✔10
✔✔using CIDR notation, the subnet mask 255.255.255.0 would be written as -
✔✔255.255.255.0/24
✔✔DNS stands for - ✔✔domain name system
✔✔there are 13 _________ name servers - ✔✔root
✔✔a technique thats used to route traffic to different destinations, depending on factors
like location, congestion, or link health, is known as - ✔✔anycast
✔✔TLD stands for - ✔✔top level domain
✔✔a concept that involves iterating over a list of items one by one in an orderly fashion
is known as - ✔✔round robin
✔✔a DNS record thats used to redirect traffic from one domain name to another is
known as - ✔✔cname record
✔✔administration and definition of TLDs are handled by a non-profit organization known
as - ✔✔ICANN
✔✔A _______ record is responsible for resolving an IP to a domain name - ✔✔pointer
resource
✔✔Along with an IP address, a subnet mask, and a name server, the other thing
needed for a computer to operate on a network is a - ✔✔primary gateway
✔✔when a range of IP addresses is set aside for client devices, and one of these IPs is
issued to these devices when they request one, this is known as _________ allocation -
✔✔dynamic
,✔✔The final step in the DHCP discovery process is known as - ✔✔DHCPACK
✔✔NAT stands for - ✔✔network address translation
✔✔when NAT hides the source IP of an originating device this is known as - ✔✔IP
masquerading
✔✔A service that might appear to be a single server to external clients, but actually
represents many servers living behind it , is known as - ✔✔reverse proxy
✔✔VPN stands for - ✔✔virtual private network
✔✔Transport layer - ✔✔This is the layer 4 protocols. It ensures accurate delivery of
data; solves transmission problems; provides error-free reassembly and control traffic to
be directed to specific network applications.
✔✔Application layer - ✔✔This layer is on top of the 5 layer model and is for applications
that need to initiate communication with other applications on a remote host. These
services work with the transport layer to send and receive data.
✔✔multiplex, demultiplex - ✔✔The transport layer has the ability to ___________ and
___________
✔✔multiplex - ✔✔In the in the transport layer this term means that nodes on the
network have the ability to direct traffic toward many different receiving services.
✔✔demultiplex - ✔✔In the transport layer this term means to take traffic that's all aimed
at the same node and delivering it to the proper receiving service.
✔✔Port - ✔✔This is a 16-bit number used to direct traffic to specific services running on
a networked computer.
✔✔Server or Service - ✔✔This is a program running on a computer waiting to be asked
for data.
✔✔Client - ✔✔A program that is requesting data.
✔✔Colon - ✔✔Ports are normally denoted with a ______ after the IP address
✔✔FTP - ✔✔This is an older method used for transferring files from one computer to
another, but you still see it in use today
✔✔TCP - ✔✔An IP datagram has a payload section and this is made up of what's
known as a _______ segment.
, ✔✔TCP segment - ✔✔This is made up of a TCP header and a data section
✔✔Data section - ✔✔This section of the TCP segment is a payload area for where the
application layer places its data.
✔✔Destination port - ✔✔This is a field in the TCP segment and has information about
the port of the service the traffic is intended for.
✔✔Source port - ✔✔This is a field in the TCP segment and is a high numbered port
chosen from a special section of ports known as ephemeral ports.
✔✔Sequence number - ✔✔This is a 32-bit number that's used to keep track of where in
a sequence of TCP segments this one is expected to be.
✔✔Acknowledgement Number - ✔✔This is a field in the TCP segment and it has the
number of the next expected segment. Basically, a sequence number of one and an
acknowledgement number of two could be read as this is segment one, expect segment
two next.
✔✔data offset field - ✔✔This is a field in the TCP segment is a four bit number that
communicates how long the TCP header for this segment is. This is so that the
receiving network device understands where the actual data payload begins.
✔✔TCP windows - ✔✔This TCP segment field is a 16-bit number and specifies the
range of sequence numbers that might be sent before an acknowledgement is required.
✔✔acknowledgements - ✔✔This is done in order to make sure that all expected data is
actually being received and that the sending device doesn't waste time sending data
that isn't being received.
✔✔Checksum field - ✔✔Once all of this segment has been ingested by a recipient, then
the entire segment is calculated and is compared with the checksum in the header to
make sure that there was no data lost or corrupted along the way.
✔✔Urgent pointer field - ✔✔TCP segment field is used in conjunction with one of the
TCP control flags to point out particular segments that might be more important than
others. This is a feature of TCP that hasn't really ever seen adoption and you'll probably
never find it in modern networking.
✔✔Options field - ✔✔TCP segment field is sometimes used for more complicated flow
control protocols.
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS MARKED A+
✔✔Ranges of IP address that anyone can use for their internal networks are known as -
✔✔non-routable address space
✔✔how many octets are in an IP address - ✔✔4
✔✔using logical operators, 1 AND 0 = - ✔✔0
✔✔in binary 1 + 1 = - ✔✔10
✔✔using CIDR notation, the subnet mask 255.255.255.0 would be written as -
✔✔255.255.255.0/24
✔✔DNS stands for - ✔✔domain name system
✔✔there are 13 _________ name servers - ✔✔root
✔✔a technique thats used to route traffic to different destinations, depending on factors
like location, congestion, or link health, is known as - ✔✔anycast
✔✔TLD stands for - ✔✔top level domain
✔✔a concept that involves iterating over a list of items one by one in an orderly fashion
is known as - ✔✔round robin
✔✔a DNS record thats used to redirect traffic from one domain name to another is
known as - ✔✔cname record
✔✔administration and definition of TLDs are handled by a non-profit organization known
as - ✔✔ICANN
✔✔A _______ record is responsible for resolving an IP to a domain name - ✔✔pointer
resource
✔✔Along with an IP address, a subnet mask, and a name server, the other thing
needed for a computer to operate on a network is a - ✔✔primary gateway
✔✔when a range of IP addresses is set aside for client devices, and one of these IPs is
issued to these devices when they request one, this is known as _________ allocation -
✔✔dynamic
,✔✔The final step in the DHCP discovery process is known as - ✔✔DHCPACK
✔✔NAT stands for - ✔✔network address translation
✔✔when NAT hides the source IP of an originating device this is known as - ✔✔IP
masquerading
✔✔A service that might appear to be a single server to external clients, but actually
represents many servers living behind it , is known as - ✔✔reverse proxy
✔✔VPN stands for - ✔✔virtual private network
✔✔Transport layer - ✔✔This is the layer 4 protocols. It ensures accurate delivery of
data; solves transmission problems; provides error-free reassembly and control traffic to
be directed to specific network applications.
✔✔Application layer - ✔✔This layer is on top of the 5 layer model and is for applications
that need to initiate communication with other applications on a remote host. These
services work with the transport layer to send and receive data.
✔✔multiplex, demultiplex - ✔✔The transport layer has the ability to ___________ and
___________
✔✔multiplex - ✔✔In the in the transport layer this term means that nodes on the
network have the ability to direct traffic toward many different receiving services.
✔✔demultiplex - ✔✔In the transport layer this term means to take traffic that's all aimed
at the same node and delivering it to the proper receiving service.
✔✔Port - ✔✔This is a 16-bit number used to direct traffic to specific services running on
a networked computer.
✔✔Server or Service - ✔✔This is a program running on a computer waiting to be asked
for data.
✔✔Client - ✔✔A program that is requesting data.
✔✔Colon - ✔✔Ports are normally denoted with a ______ after the IP address
✔✔FTP - ✔✔This is an older method used for transferring files from one computer to
another, but you still see it in use today
✔✔TCP - ✔✔An IP datagram has a payload section and this is made up of what's
known as a _______ segment.
, ✔✔TCP segment - ✔✔This is made up of a TCP header and a data section
✔✔Data section - ✔✔This section of the TCP segment is a payload area for where the
application layer places its data.
✔✔Destination port - ✔✔This is a field in the TCP segment and has information about
the port of the service the traffic is intended for.
✔✔Source port - ✔✔This is a field in the TCP segment and is a high numbered port
chosen from a special section of ports known as ephemeral ports.
✔✔Sequence number - ✔✔This is a 32-bit number that's used to keep track of where in
a sequence of TCP segments this one is expected to be.
✔✔Acknowledgement Number - ✔✔This is a field in the TCP segment and it has the
number of the next expected segment. Basically, a sequence number of one and an
acknowledgement number of two could be read as this is segment one, expect segment
two next.
✔✔data offset field - ✔✔This is a field in the TCP segment is a four bit number that
communicates how long the TCP header for this segment is. This is so that the
receiving network device understands where the actual data payload begins.
✔✔TCP windows - ✔✔This TCP segment field is a 16-bit number and specifies the
range of sequence numbers that might be sent before an acknowledgement is required.
✔✔acknowledgements - ✔✔This is done in order to make sure that all expected data is
actually being received and that the sending device doesn't waste time sending data
that isn't being received.
✔✔Checksum field - ✔✔Once all of this segment has been ingested by a recipient, then
the entire segment is calculated and is compared with the checksum in the header to
make sure that there was no data lost or corrupted along the way.
✔✔Urgent pointer field - ✔✔TCP segment field is used in conjunction with one of the
TCP control flags to point out particular segments that might be more important than
others. This is a feature of TCP that hasn't really ever seen adoption and you'll probably
never find it in modern networking.
✔✔Options field - ✔✔TCP segment field is sometimes used for more complicated flow
control protocols.
