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NUR2063 Pathophysiology final EXAM . Questions
with correct and verified answers. A+ GRADED.
Gastritis and Etiology and patho - ...(ANSWERS)....inflammation of stomach's
mucolas lining (can involve entire stomach or region) can be acute or chronic.
may be caused by h. pylori infection (imbeds in mucosal layer activating toxins
and enzymes that cause inflammation. NSAIDS, chronic alcohol consumption,
stress, trauma, burns, or infections, autoimmune conditions
manifestations of gastritis - ...(ANSWERS)....indigestion, heartburn, epigastric
pain, abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fever, malaise.
hematemesis and dark, tarry stools indicate ulceration and bleeding. chronic
gastritis increases risk for peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, anemia, and hemorrhage.
gastritis diagnosis/treatment - ...(ANSWERS)....h&p, GI tract x ray, egd, serum h.
pylori antibodies, h. pylori breath test, stool analysis (h. pylori and occult blood
treatment-acute is self limiting ususally resolves
meds-antacids, acid-reducing agents, and mucosal barrier agents
other strategies include those for GERD (diet, small meals, antacids)
Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) - ...(ANSWERS)....refers to erosive lesions affecting the
muscularis mucosa of the stomach or duodenum. ulcers vary in size and severity,
ranging from superficial erosions to complete penetration through GI tract wall
peptic ulcer disease etiology and patho - ...(ANSWERS)....ETIOLOGY: most
commonly H. pylori and NSAID use.
, 2
PATHO: develops because of an imbalance between destructive forces and
protective mechanisms
PUD duodenal ulcers - ...(ANSWERS)....most commonly associated with excessive
acid or H. pylori infections
typically present with epigastric pain relieved in the presence of food
PUD gastric ulcers - ...(ANSWERS)....less frequent-more deadly
typically associated with malignancy and NSAIDS
pain worsens with eating
PUD Stress ulcers - ...(ANSWERS)....develop because of major physiological
stressor on body due to local tissue ischemia, tissue acidosis, bile salts entering
stomach, and decreased GI motility
most frequently develop in stomach; multiple ulcers can form within hours of the
precipitating event
often hemorrhage is the first indication (vomiting blood or blood in stool)
PUD manifestations/treatment - ...(ANSWERS)....epigastric, abd. pain, abd.
cramping, heartburn, indigestion, chest pain, nausea/voimiting, melena (dark,
tarry stools), fatigue, unexplained weight loss
Treatment: same as gastritis: antacids, mucosal barrier agents, acid-reducing
agents
possible surgical repair
, 3
Iron-deficiency Anemia - ...(ANSWERS)....Not enough iron for hemoglobin
production
erythrocytes pale and small
Etiology: decreased iron consumption/absorption, increased bleeding
manifestations in addition to "anemia": brittle nails, headache/irritability, pica,
cyanosis of sclera of eyes, delayed healing
Anemia - ...(ANSWERS)....common acquired or inherited disorder of erythrocytes
that impairs the bloods oxygen-carrying capacity.
ETIOLOGY: decrease in # of circulating erythrocytes, reduction in hemoglobin
content, presence of abnormal hemoglobin
MANIFESTATIONS: weakness, fatigue, pallor, syncope, dyspnea, tachycardia
Pernicious anemia - ...(ANSWERS)....B12 deficiency or megaloblastic anemia
large, immature erythrocytes.
usually lack of intrinsic factor (protein necessary for b12 absorption in stomach)
b12 is needed for cell division and maturity.
too little b12 gradually causes neuro problems because of the breakdown in
myelin, neuro effects may be seen before anemia is diagnosed.
Additional manifestations: bleeding gums, diarrhea, impaired smell, DTR loss,
anorexia, personality/memory changes, + babinski sign, stomatitis, paresthesia of
hands and feet, unsteady gait
, 4
aplastic anemia - ...(ANSWERS)....bone marrow fails to make enough blood cells
leading to pancytopenia
MANIFESTATIONS: general anemia, leukcytopenia, and recurrent infections
can be caused by cancers, cancer treatment, pesticides
Sickle cell anemia - ...(ANSWERS)....genetic, hemoglobin-s trait vs. gene
crescent shape during times of hypoxia, can clump together and clog vessels.
MANIFESTATIONS: swelling in hands and feet, sickle cell crisis, abd. pain, bone
pain, jaundice, skin ulcers, stroke, chest pain
tissue ischemia and necrosis.
electrophoresis and stem cell transplant may cure
thalassemia - ...(ANSWERS)....genetic, not RBC problem, hemoglobin problem.
lack one or 2 proteins that make up hemoglobin
MANIFESTATIONS: heart failure, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, bone deformities,
jaundice, fatigue, dyspnea
Idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP) - ...(ANSWERS)....hypocoagulopathy
due to immune system destroying its own platelets (autoantibodies) Circulating
IgG reacts with the platelets which are then destroyed in the spleen and liver.
can be acute or chronic
ETIOLOGY: idiopathic, autoimmune disease, live vaccines, immunodeficiency
disorders, viral infections
Manifestations: abnormal bleeding (petechiae, epistaxis [nose bleed], hematuria)
NUR2063 Pathophysiology final EXAM . Questions
with correct and verified answers. A+ GRADED.
Gastritis and Etiology and patho - ...(ANSWERS)....inflammation of stomach's
mucolas lining (can involve entire stomach or region) can be acute or chronic.
may be caused by h. pylori infection (imbeds in mucosal layer activating toxins
and enzymes that cause inflammation. NSAIDS, chronic alcohol consumption,
stress, trauma, burns, or infections, autoimmune conditions
manifestations of gastritis - ...(ANSWERS)....indigestion, heartburn, epigastric
pain, abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fever, malaise.
hematemesis and dark, tarry stools indicate ulceration and bleeding. chronic
gastritis increases risk for peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, anemia, and hemorrhage.
gastritis diagnosis/treatment - ...(ANSWERS)....h&p, GI tract x ray, egd, serum h.
pylori antibodies, h. pylori breath test, stool analysis (h. pylori and occult blood
treatment-acute is self limiting ususally resolves
meds-antacids, acid-reducing agents, and mucosal barrier agents
other strategies include those for GERD (diet, small meals, antacids)
Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) - ...(ANSWERS)....refers to erosive lesions affecting the
muscularis mucosa of the stomach or duodenum. ulcers vary in size and severity,
ranging from superficial erosions to complete penetration through GI tract wall
peptic ulcer disease etiology and patho - ...(ANSWERS)....ETIOLOGY: most
commonly H. pylori and NSAID use.
, 2
PATHO: develops because of an imbalance between destructive forces and
protective mechanisms
PUD duodenal ulcers - ...(ANSWERS)....most commonly associated with excessive
acid or H. pylori infections
typically present with epigastric pain relieved in the presence of food
PUD gastric ulcers - ...(ANSWERS)....less frequent-more deadly
typically associated with malignancy and NSAIDS
pain worsens with eating
PUD Stress ulcers - ...(ANSWERS)....develop because of major physiological
stressor on body due to local tissue ischemia, tissue acidosis, bile salts entering
stomach, and decreased GI motility
most frequently develop in stomach; multiple ulcers can form within hours of the
precipitating event
often hemorrhage is the first indication (vomiting blood or blood in stool)
PUD manifestations/treatment - ...(ANSWERS)....epigastric, abd. pain, abd.
cramping, heartburn, indigestion, chest pain, nausea/voimiting, melena (dark,
tarry stools), fatigue, unexplained weight loss
Treatment: same as gastritis: antacids, mucosal barrier agents, acid-reducing
agents
possible surgical repair
, 3
Iron-deficiency Anemia - ...(ANSWERS)....Not enough iron for hemoglobin
production
erythrocytes pale and small
Etiology: decreased iron consumption/absorption, increased bleeding
manifestations in addition to "anemia": brittle nails, headache/irritability, pica,
cyanosis of sclera of eyes, delayed healing
Anemia - ...(ANSWERS)....common acquired or inherited disorder of erythrocytes
that impairs the bloods oxygen-carrying capacity.
ETIOLOGY: decrease in # of circulating erythrocytes, reduction in hemoglobin
content, presence of abnormal hemoglobin
MANIFESTATIONS: weakness, fatigue, pallor, syncope, dyspnea, tachycardia
Pernicious anemia - ...(ANSWERS)....B12 deficiency or megaloblastic anemia
large, immature erythrocytes.
usually lack of intrinsic factor (protein necessary for b12 absorption in stomach)
b12 is needed for cell division and maturity.
too little b12 gradually causes neuro problems because of the breakdown in
myelin, neuro effects may be seen before anemia is diagnosed.
Additional manifestations: bleeding gums, diarrhea, impaired smell, DTR loss,
anorexia, personality/memory changes, + babinski sign, stomatitis, paresthesia of
hands and feet, unsteady gait
, 4
aplastic anemia - ...(ANSWERS)....bone marrow fails to make enough blood cells
leading to pancytopenia
MANIFESTATIONS: general anemia, leukcytopenia, and recurrent infections
can be caused by cancers, cancer treatment, pesticides
Sickle cell anemia - ...(ANSWERS)....genetic, hemoglobin-s trait vs. gene
crescent shape during times of hypoxia, can clump together and clog vessels.
MANIFESTATIONS: swelling in hands and feet, sickle cell crisis, abd. pain, bone
pain, jaundice, skin ulcers, stroke, chest pain
tissue ischemia and necrosis.
electrophoresis and stem cell transplant may cure
thalassemia - ...(ANSWERS)....genetic, not RBC problem, hemoglobin problem.
lack one or 2 proteins that make up hemoglobin
MANIFESTATIONS: heart failure, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, bone deformities,
jaundice, fatigue, dyspnea
Idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP) - ...(ANSWERS)....hypocoagulopathy
due to immune system destroying its own platelets (autoantibodies) Circulating
IgG reacts with the platelets which are then destroyed in the spleen and liver.
can be acute or chronic
ETIOLOGY: idiopathic, autoimmune disease, live vaccines, immunodeficiency
disorders, viral infections
Manifestations: abnormal bleeding (petechiae, epistaxis [nose bleed], hematuria)
