MEDIA & ETHIEK
Les 1: inleiding en afbakening. De basis van de moraal.............................................................8
uitleg van de cursus................................................................................................................ 8
Ethiek?!................................................................................................................................ 8
Media-ethiek?!..................................................................................................................... 8
Toegepast ethiek – ethics as method...................................................................................8
Basisconcepten.................................................................................................................... 8
de basis van de moraal........................................................................................................... 9
Morele instructie v.o.t.......................................................................................................... 9
Groeiende impact Bijbelse voorschriften............................................................................10
Verlichting.......................................................................................................................... 10
Moderne samenleving........................................................................................................ 10
Universele ethische principes............................................................................................ 10
Rol van de media?.............................................................................................................. 10
actuele voorbeelden.............................................................................................................. 11
Voorbeeld 1: Artificiële intelligentie en algoritmes............................................................11
The era of blind faith in big data must end........................................................................11
Big data, big problems....................................................................................................... 11
Voorbeeld 2: Influencer marketing..................................................................................... 12
conclusie............................................................................................................................... 12
LEs 2: ethische systemen I....................................................................................................... 13
Deugdenethiek...................................................................................................................... 14
Een deugdzaam mens........................................................................................................ 14
“It’s Not about doing; it’s about being”.............................................................................. 15
1
, Drie Goddelijke deugden – Thomas Van Aquino.................................................................15
4 kardinale deugden.......................................................................................................... 15
Pro’s en contra’s deugdenethiek........................................................................................ 16
gevolgenethiek...................................................................................................................... 16
Ulitarisme........................................................................................................................... 16
Eigenschappen van geluk/pijn............................................................................................ 18
Negatief Utilitarisme.......................................................................................................... 18
Act utilitarisme/handelingsutilitarisme............................................................................... 18
Moral luck/moreel geluk..................................................................................................... 19
Rule utilitarisme................................................................................................................. 19
Trolley probleem................................................................................................................ 19
plichtenethiek....................................................................................................................... 19
De categorische imperatief................................................................................................ 19
Pro’s en Contra’s Kantianisme........................................................................................... 20
A theory of justice.............................................................................................................. 20
voorbeelden examenvragen.................................................................................................. 21
les 3: ethische systemen II: Vormen van informatieverspreiding.............................................22
actualiteit.............................................................................................................................. 22
ethische systemen II............................................................................................................. 22
Basis etische systemen...................................................................................................... 22
Moreel intuïtisme............................................................................................................... 22
capability approach............................................................................................................ 23
uitbreiding van de morele kring......................................................................................... 25
Terugkoppeling benefietshows.......................................................................................... 25
vormen van informatieverspreiding...................................................................................... 25
oefening............................................................................................................................. 25
2
, Belang van ethiek en media doorheen de geschiedenis....................................................26
De rol van geestelijke macht.............................................................................................. 26
Overheidscontrole.............................................................................................................. 26
De algemene wil – J.J. Rousseau......................................................................................... 26
markt fundamentalisme..................................................................................................... 27
conclusie............................................................................................................................... 27
voorbeelden examenvragen.................................................................................................. 27
les 4: fundamentele principes.................................................................................................. 28
Onderscheid tussen recht/ethiek/deontologie....................................................................28
het belang van de open samenleving................................................................................... 28
Karl Raimund Popper (1945) - The Open Society and its Enemies.....................................29
Het belang van de open samenleving................................................................................ 29
Het belang van de open samenleving................................................................................ 29
de democratie....................................................................................................................... 30
vrijheid van meningsuiting.................................................................................................... 30
John Stuart Mill, On Liberty (1859)..................................................................................... 30
Mensonterende reacties op sociale media.........................................................................31
discriminatie.......................................................................................................................... 31
Antidiscriminatiewetgeving................................................................................................ 31
Het belang van privacy......................................................................................................... 32
onafhankelijkheid, waarheisgetrouwheid en streven naar objectiviteit.................................33
Onafhankelijkheid.............................................................................................................. 33
Objectiviteit........................................................................................................................ 33
journalistieke ethiek.............................................................................................................. 33
jounralistieke ethsiche regels............................................................................................. 33
Burgerzin............................................................................................................................ 34
3
,les 5: ethische methodiek........................................................................................................ 35
potterbox model.................................................................................................................... 35
Bedenking/aanvulling......................................................................................................... 36
To publish or not to publish?.............................................................................................. 36
Rapporteren over valse informatie..................................................................................... 36
Rapporteren over online intimidatie................................................................................... 37
Het stappenplan (van Luijk).................................................................................................. 37
Media accountability systems............................................................................................... 38
Zelfregulering.................................................................................................................... 39
Facebook mea culpas......................................................................................................... 39
Jep en reclame ethiek........................................................................................................ 40
conclusie............................................................................................................................... 40
voorbeelden examenvragen.................................................................................................. 40
les 6: Case 1: AI en ethiek........................................................................................................ 42
How I’m fighting bias in algorithms – Ted talk Joy Boulamwini..........................................42
Algoritmes en publieke diensten........................................................................................ 42
EU high-level expert group on AI........................................................................................ 42
Ethical guidelines for trustworthy AI..................................................................................43
AI blindspots...................................................................................................................... 43
Case: Suicide hotlines........................................................................................................ 43
voorbeelden examenvragen.................................................................................................. 44
Les 7: case 2: content moderatie............................................................................................. 46
Wat is content-moderatie?................................................................................................. 46
Vormen van content-moderatie......................................................................................... 46
3 centrale spanningen aanwezig in content moderatie.........................................................46
1.Maatschappelijke spanning............................................................................................. 46
4
, 2.spanning over rol van platformen................................................................................... 47
3.spanning over de regulering........................................................................................... 47
content moderatie en content reductie (gillespie, 2022)......................................................47
Strategieën voor content moderatie..................................................................................47
Het reduceren van visibiliteit als content moderatie..........................................................48
les 8: Case 3: privacy en databescherming..............................................................................50
Recht op vergeten te worden............................................................................................. 50
GDPR: wat?........................................................................................................................ 50
privacy als (luxe) goed.......................................................................................................... 51
Privacy als controle............................................................................................................ 51
Privacy als luxury commodity............................................................................................ 52
CASE III: case study: a life insurance company wants to track your fitness data..................52
In hoeverre is het gebruik van fitness data door verzekeringsmaatschappijen ethisch
verantwoord?..................................................................................................................... 52
les 9: Ethische spanningen in representatie: kindercontent.....................................................54
theoretische handvatten....................................................................................................... 54
leeftijd als een identiteitsas............................................................................................... 54
kinderen als publiek........................................................................................................... 54
belang van ethische representatie..................................................................................... 57
exploratie ethische spanningen............................................................................................ 58
productie: verantwoordelijkheid van platformen...............................................................58
representatie van (diverse) seksualiteit(en)......................................................................59
receptie van gewelddadige content...................................................................................60
Gastles: life coaching en de aandachtseconomie.....................................................................62
Achtergrond.......................................................................................................................... 62
wat is life coaching?.............................................................................................................. 62
5
, waarom zo populair?.......................................................................................................... 62
oudheid.............................................................................................................................. 62
MIddeleeuwen.................................................................................................................... 63
verlichting.......................................................................................................................... 63
Moderne tijd....................................................................................................................... 63
heden: neoliberale invloeden............................................................................................. 63
ZELFVERBETERING............................................................................................................. 64
de digitale aandachtseconomie............................................................................................. 64
case studies: instagram posts............................................................................................ 65
Paradoxen: content creator & life coach............................................................................... 66
hulpmiddel of problematisch?............................................................................................... 66
1............................................................................................................................................... 66
0: gastles: journalistieke ethiek in finctie (maxine de wulf helskens).......................................67
journalistiek in fictie.............................................................................................................. 67
representatie journalistiek................................................................................................. 67
terugkerende narratieven.................................................................................................. 67
ideologische functie........................................................................................................... 67
‘sob sisters’ en ‘super bitches’........................................................................................... 67
en wat met het publiek...................................................................................................... 69
journalistieke ethiek: vier basisprincipes..............................................................................69
centrale richtlijnen............................................................................................................. 69
waarheidsgetrouw berichten.............................................................................................. 69
Onafhankelijk informeren................................................................................................... 69
Fair play............................................................................................................................. 70
respect voor het privéleven en de menselijke waardigheid...............................................70
6
,7
, LES 1: INLEIDING EN AFBAKENING. DE BASIS VAN DE MORAAL
UITLEG VAN DE CURSUS
ETHIEK?!
“Ethics has to do with what my feelings tell me is right or wrong.”
“Ethics has to do with my religious beliefs.”
“Being ethical is doing what the law requires.”
“Ethics consists of the standards of behavior our society accepts.”
“I don't know what the word means.”
Wet is niet altijd correct, wetgeving kan bepaalde zaken incorporeren die helemaal niet
ethisch is (stemrecht vrouwen pas in 1948)
Ethiek wel: duidelijke onderbouwde standaarden van wat juist/fout is, die voorschrijven hoe
we ons zouden moeten gaan gedragen in de sml (waarden , normen, deugden)
Handelingen die goed/slecht zijn
Ethisch zijn is niet hetzelfde als uw gevoel volgen
Ethiek is niet hetzelfde als religie, ook niet-gelovigen kunnen ethisch handelen
De wet is niet altijd correct, ze kan bepaalde zaken incorporeren die niet ethisch zijn
Ethiek= Duidelijk onderbouwde standaarden van wat juist of fout is
MEDIA-ETHIEK?!
Filosofie ethiek media-ethiek
Normatieve & toegepaste ethiek
“Media-ethiek is een vorm van toegepaste ethiek waarbij we gebeurtenissen en
probleemsituaties die zich voordien in de media analyseren en beoordelen aan de hand van
morele basisprincipes.”
≠ meta-ethiek & descriptieve ethiek
o Meta-ethiek: waar komen ethische principes vandaan? niet in dit vak
o Descriptieve ethiek: waarom handelen mensen zoals ze handelen?
TOEGEPAST ETHIEK – ETHICS AS METHOD
It’s impossible to standardize or universalize what constitutes the ethically correct actions in
technology design and research context, not least because we cannot predict what will
happen as a result of our choices. Obviously, a belief in and understanding of core human
rights, plus basic human decency, plus common sense, can help us make good decisions to
minimize the potential harmful impact of our actions to persons or society. But our choices
are never simply a matter of using our personal calculus: regulations, laws, and policies
governing research also define ethics for us.” (Markham et al., 2018)
Abstracte principes zijn er wel maar je moet die altijd in een concrete situatie gaan
kunnen toepassen (alles wordt tastbaar in een concrete situatie)
Belangrijk dat we zelf dingen gaan rationaliseren en wikken en wegen
Niet alleen kunnen berusten op je persoonlijke calculus
Uit deze quote: er is altijd een spanningsveld tussen wat individu kan doen en structuur
waarin je je bevindt
BASISCONCEPTEN
8
Les 1: inleiding en afbakening. De basis van de moraal.............................................................8
uitleg van de cursus................................................................................................................ 8
Ethiek?!................................................................................................................................ 8
Media-ethiek?!..................................................................................................................... 8
Toegepast ethiek – ethics as method...................................................................................8
Basisconcepten.................................................................................................................... 8
de basis van de moraal........................................................................................................... 9
Morele instructie v.o.t.......................................................................................................... 9
Groeiende impact Bijbelse voorschriften............................................................................10
Verlichting.......................................................................................................................... 10
Moderne samenleving........................................................................................................ 10
Universele ethische principes............................................................................................ 10
Rol van de media?.............................................................................................................. 10
actuele voorbeelden.............................................................................................................. 11
Voorbeeld 1: Artificiële intelligentie en algoritmes............................................................11
The era of blind faith in big data must end........................................................................11
Big data, big problems....................................................................................................... 11
Voorbeeld 2: Influencer marketing..................................................................................... 12
conclusie............................................................................................................................... 12
LEs 2: ethische systemen I....................................................................................................... 13
Deugdenethiek...................................................................................................................... 14
Een deugdzaam mens........................................................................................................ 14
“It’s Not about doing; it’s about being”.............................................................................. 15
1
, Drie Goddelijke deugden – Thomas Van Aquino.................................................................15
4 kardinale deugden.......................................................................................................... 15
Pro’s en contra’s deugdenethiek........................................................................................ 16
gevolgenethiek...................................................................................................................... 16
Ulitarisme........................................................................................................................... 16
Eigenschappen van geluk/pijn............................................................................................ 18
Negatief Utilitarisme.......................................................................................................... 18
Act utilitarisme/handelingsutilitarisme............................................................................... 18
Moral luck/moreel geluk..................................................................................................... 19
Rule utilitarisme................................................................................................................. 19
Trolley probleem................................................................................................................ 19
plichtenethiek....................................................................................................................... 19
De categorische imperatief................................................................................................ 19
Pro’s en Contra’s Kantianisme........................................................................................... 20
A theory of justice.............................................................................................................. 20
voorbeelden examenvragen.................................................................................................. 21
les 3: ethische systemen II: Vormen van informatieverspreiding.............................................22
actualiteit.............................................................................................................................. 22
ethische systemen II............................................................................................................. 22
Basis etische systemen...................................................................................................... 22
Moreel intuïtisme............................................................................................................... 22
capability approach............................................................................................................ 23
uitbreiding van de morele kring......................................................................................... 25
Terugkoppeling benefietshows.......................................................................................... 25
vormen van informatieverspreiding...................................................................................... 25
oefening............................................................................................................................. 25
2
, Belang van ethiek en media doorheen de geschiedenis....................................................26
De rol van geestelijke macht.............................................................................................. 26
Overheidscontrole.............................................................................................................. 26
De algemene wil – J.J. Rousseau......................................................................................... 26
markt fundamentalisme..................................................................................................... 27
conclusie............................................................................................................................... 27
voorbeelden examenvragen.................................................................................................. 27
les 4: fundamentele principes.................................................................................................. 28
Onderscheid tussen recht/ethiek/deontologie....................................................................28
het belang van de open samenleving................................................................................... 28
Karl Raimund Popper (1945) - The Open Society and its Enemies.....................................29
Het belang van de open samenleving................................................................................ 29
Het belang van de open samenleving................................................................................ 29
de democratie....................................................................................................................... 30
vrijheid van meningsuiting.................................................................................................... 30
John Stuart Mill, On Liberty (1859)..................................................................................... 30
Mensonterende reacties op sociale media.........................................................................31
discriminatie.......................................................................................................................... 31
Antidiscriminatiewetgeving................................................................................................ 31
Het belang van privacy......................................................................................................... 32
onafhankelijkheid, waarheisgetrouwheid en streven naar objectiviteit.................................33
Onafhankelijkheid.............................................................................................................. 33
Objectiviteit........................................................................................................................ 33
journalistieke ethiek.............................................................................................................. 33
jounralistieke ethsiche regels............................................................................................. 33
Burgerzin............................................................................................................................ 34
3
,les 5: ethische methodiek........................................................................................................ 35
potterbox model.................................................................................................................... 35
Bedenking/aanvulling......................................................................................................... 36
To publish or not to publish?.............................................................................................. 36
Rapporteren over valse informatie..................................................................................... 36
Rapporteren over online intimidatie................................................................................... 37
Het stappenplan (van Luijk).................................................................................................. 37
Media accountability systems............................................................................................... 38
Zelfregulering.................................................................................................................... 39
Facebook mea culpas......................................................................................................... 39
Jep en reclame ethiek........................................................................................................ 40
conclusie............................................................................................................................... 40
voorbeelden examenvragen.................................................................................................. 40
les 6: Case 1: AI en ethiek........................................................................................................ 42
How I’m fighting bias in algorithms – Ted talk Joy Boulamwini..........................................42
Algoritmes en publieke diensten........................................................................................ 42
EU high-level expert group on AI........................................................................................ 42
Ethical guidelines for trustworthy AI..................................................................................43
AI blindspots...................................................................................................................... 43
Case: Suicide hotlines........................................................................................................ 43
voorbeelden examenvragen.................................................................................................. 44
Les 7: case 2: content moderatie............................................................................................. 46
Wat is content-moderatie?................................................................................................. 46
Vormen van content-moderatie......................................................................................... 46
3 centrale spanningen aanwezig in content moderatie.........................................................46
1.Maatschappelijke spanning............................................................................................. 46
4
, 2.spanning over rol van platformen................................................................................... 47
3.spanning over de regulering........................................................................................... 47
content moderatie en content reductie (gillespie, 2022)......................................................47
Strategieën voor content moderatie..................................................................................47
Het reduceren van visibiliteit als content moderatie..........................................................48
les 8: Case 3: privacy en databescherming..............................................................................50
Recht op vergeten te worden............................................................................................. 50
GDPR: wat?........................................................................................................................ 50
privacy als (luxe) goed.......................................................................................................... 51
Privacy als controle............................................................................................................ 51
Privacy als luxury commodity............................................................................................ 52
CASE III: case study: a life insurance company wants to track your fitness data..................52
In hoeverre is het gebruik van fitness data door verzekeringsmaatschappijen ethisch
verantwoord?..................................................................................................................... 52
les 9: Ethische spanningen in representatie: kindercontent.....................................................54
theoretische handvatten....................................................................................................... 54
leeftijd als een identiteitsas............................................................................................... 54
kinderen als publiek........................................................................................................... 54
belang van ethische representatie..................................................................................... 57
exploratie ethische spanningen............................................................................................ 58
productie: verantwoordelijkheid van platformen...............................................................58
representatie van (diverse) seksualiteit(en)......................................................................59
receptie van gewelddadige content...................................................................................60
Gastles: life coaching en de aandachtseconomie.....................................................................62
Achtergrond.......................................................................................................................... 62
wat is life coaching?.............................................................................................................. 62
5
, waarom zo populair?.......................................................................................................... 62
oudheid.............................................................................................................................. 62
MIddeleeuwen.................................................................................................................... 63
verlichting.......................................................................................................................... 63
Moderne tijd....................................................................................................................... 63
heden: neoliberale invloeden............................................................................................. 63
ZELFVERBETERING............................................................................................................. 64
de digitale aandachtseconomie............................................................................................. 64
case studies: instagram posts............................................................................................ 65
Paradoxen: content creator & life coach............................................................................... 66
hulpmiddel of problematisch?............................................................................................... 66
1............................................................................................................................................... 66
0: gastles: journalistieke ethiek in finctie (maxine de wulf helskens).......................................67
journalistiek in fictie.............................................................................................................. 67
representatie journalistiek................................................................................................. 67
terugkerende narratieven.................................................................................................. 67
ideologische functie........................................................................................................... 67
‘sob sisters’ en ‘super bitches’........................................................................................... 67
en wat met het publiek...................................................................................................... 69
journalistieke ethiek: vier basisprincipes..............................................................................69
centrale richtlijnen............................................................................................................. 69
waarheidsgetrouw berichten.............................................................................................. 69
Onafhankelijk informeren................................................................................................... 69
Fair play............................................................................................................................. 70
respect voor het privéleven en de menselijke waardigheid...............................................70
6
,7
, LES 1: INLEIDING EN AFBAKENING. DE BASIS VAN DE MORAAL
UITLEG VAN DE CURSUS
ETHIEK?!
“Ethics has to do with what my feelings tell me is right or wrong.”
“Ethics has to do with my religious beliefs.”
“Being ethical is doing what the law requires.”
“Ethics consists of the standards of behavior our society accepts.”
“I don't know what the word means.”
Wet is niet altijd correct, wetgeving kan bepaalde zaken incorporeren die helemaal niet
ethisch is (stemrecht vrouwen pas in 1948)
Ethiek wel: duidelijke onderbouwde standaarden van wat juist/fout is, die voorschrijven hoe
we ons zouden moeten gaan gedragen in de sml (waarden , normen, deugden)
Handelingen die goed/slecht zijn
Ethisch zijn is niet hetzelfde als uw gevoel volgen
Ethiek is niet hetzelfde als religie, ook niet-gelovigen kunnen ethisch handelen
De wet is niet altijd correct, ze kan bepaalde zaken incorporeren die niet ethisch zijn
Ethiek= Duidelijk onderbouwde standaarden van wat juist of fout is
MEDIA-ETHIEK?!
Filosofie ethiek media-ethiek
Normatieve & toegepaste ethiek
“Media-ethiek is een vorm van toegepaste ethiek waarbij we gebeurtenissen en
probleemsituaties die zich voordien in de media analyseren en beoordelen aan de hand van
morele basisprincipes.”
≠ meta-ethiek & descriptieve ethiek
o Meta-ethiek: waar komen ethische principes vandaan? niet in dit vak
o Descriptieve ethiek: waarom handelen mensen zoals ze handelen?
TOEGEPAST ETHIEK – ETHICS AS METHOD
It’s impossible to standardize or universalize what constitutes the ethically correct actions in
technology design and research context, not least because we cannot predict what will
happen as a result of our choices. Obviously, a belief in and understanding of core human
rights, plus basic human decency, plus common sense, can help us make good decisions to
minimize the potential harmful impact of our actions to persons or society. But our choices
are never simply a matter of using our personal calculus: regulations, laws, and policies
governing research also define ethics for us.” (Markham et al., 2018)
Abstracte principes zijn er wel maar je moet die altijd in een concrete situatie gaan
kunnen toepassen (alles wordt tastbaar in een concrete situatie)
Belangrijk dat we zelf dingen gaan rationaliseren en wikken en wegen
Niet alleen kunnen berusten op je persoonlijke calculus
Uit deze quote: er is altijd een spanningsveld tussen wat individu kan doen en structuur
waarin je je bevindt
BASISCONCEPTEN
8
