TEST BANK for Drugs and Behavior 7th Edition

drug - ANS any substance, natural or artificial, other than food that by its chemical nature alters strucure or function in a living organism psychoactive drug - ANS a drug that specifically affects thoughts, emotions or behavior illicit drug - ANS a drug that is unlawful to posses or use deviant drug use - ANS drug use that is not common within a social group and is disapproved of by the majority doing something that is not usually done even within users drug misuse - ANS use of drugs or chemicals in greater amounts than prescribed by a doctor, or for purposes other than those intended by the manufacturer drug abuse - ANS substance use in a manner, an amount, or in situations such that it causes social, occupational, psychological, or physical problems drug dependence - ANS a state in which an individual uses a drug so frequently or consistently that it would be difficult for the person to stop amount - ANS both the size and quality of a drug's effect depend on the _____ that has been taken history, expectations - ANS the effects of any psychoactive drug depend on the individual's ____ and _____ including: context, situation, and mood wine, coca, opium - ANS drugs with major economic roles (old drugs) survey questions - ANS getting information on drug use easy to use inexpensive efficient bias inaccuracy of self reports monitoring the future - ANS national survey of 12 graders use of marijuana gathers information on: prevalence of use perceived risk and availability national survey on drug use and health - ANS face to face, computer assisted interviews 68,000 individuals; carefully sampled households across the US breaks results down to age groups results published annually correlate - ANS a variable that is statistically related to another variable they are NOT causes risk factors - ANS community, parental, and peer attitudes and behaviors towards drug use antisocial/problem behaviors poor school performance protective factors - ANS involvement in religious activities perceived risk of drug use limitations of correlations - ANS you don't know which caused which third variables antecedent - ANS a factor that occurs before an event correlated can be thought of as a type of risk factor antecedent - ANS more valid than correlation motives for drug use - ANS identification with a deviant subculture is a key factor fads and cultural trends influence what drugs are used "liking it" reward aspect avoiding problems reinforce - ANS characteristics of drugs can ___ their use altered states of conciousness trying - ANS society, community, and family factors play a role in ___ a drug drug factors - ANS ___ play an role in the continuation of a drug impulsivity - ANS a person's tendency to act quickly and without consideration of longer term consequences impulsivity - ANS small role in trying, large role in dependence high rates in antisocial and personality disorders 2x - ANS ciggerette smokers are __ as likely to smoke marijuanna reinforcement - ANS a behavioral event is followed by a consequent event such that the behavior is then more likely to be repeated toxicity - ANS poisonous, deadly or dangerous acute toxicity - ANS "short" term heroin overdose chronic toxicity - ANS long term lung cancer acute behavioral toxicity - ANS "drunk driving" intoxication that dangerously impairs behavioral functioning chronic behavioral toxicity - ANS deleterious lifestyle changes strain on interpersonal relationships DAWN - ANS a system for collecting data on drug related emergency room visits and deaths from some hospitals DAWN - ANS Collects data on: illicit drugs misuse of legal prescription and OTC drugs ER - ANS 1. alcohol-in-combination 2. cocaine Death - ANS 1. prescription opioids 2. alcohol-in-combination syringe exchange programs - ANS example of harm reduction lowers rate of infection substance abuse - ANS failure to fulfill obligations use in situations that are physically hazardous substance related legal problems problems caused by useage substance dependence - ANS Tolerance Withdrawal Substance often taken in larger amounts or over a period longer than intended Persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control substance use A great deal of time is spent in using and/or obtaining the substance Lots of time using, recovering, obtaining etc Important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced because of substance use Substance use continues despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent problem that is caused or exacerbated by the substance Note that Tolerance and Withdrawal do not have to be present for this diagnosis tollerance - ANS diminished effect of the drug after repeated use may need more to get desired effect pharmacodynamic tollerance - ANS physiological tollerance brain changes the reaction of the neurons to the presence of the drug it becomes less extreme neurons in the brain get used to the drug metabolic tollerance - ANS physiological tollerance body gets better at breaking down the drug liver produces more of the enzyme to break down the drug functional/behavioral tollerance - ANS things that a person does to minimize the effect of the drug ex: drunkard's walk physical dependence - ANS defined by the presence of a withdrawal syndrome the body has adapted to the presence of the drug tollerance - ANS ____ typically precedes physical dependence psychological dependence - ANS high frequency of drug use craving for the drug frequency of relapse after stopping reinforcer - ANS an effect directly produced by a behavior that functions to strengthen or maintain that behavior positive reinforcer - ANS behavior is followed by appearance of or increase of a stimulus negative reinforcement - ANS behavior is followed by the removal or decrease of a stimulus negative reinforcement - ANS sad before drink, happy after drink example of what? more - ANS when the effect is more intense/comes faster, the drug is ___ reinforcing sensation seeking - ANS a personality characteristic statistically associated with early substance use and abuse biopsychosocial - ANS perspective that dependence is related to dysfunctions of biology, personality, and social interactions $12B/year - ANS ___ to try to control illegal drug sale (amount of money) moral model - ANS alcoholics are weak-willed, lazy, or immoral sensation seeking - ANS greater risk of amphetamine or cocaine abuse laissez faire - ANS if the buyer wants to buy, let the seller sell patent medicines - ANS Fraudulent 'medicines' false therapudic claims habit forming drug content easily accessible without a perscrpition 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act - ANS drugs are pure and honestly labeled prohibited interstate commerce in misbranded and adulterated food and drugs misbranding reffered only to labeling not advertizing opium - ANS chinese workers brought ___ involved in international drug trade US was easily hooked cocaine - ANS in patent medicines viewed as cause of increasing crime (in blacks) 1914 Harrison "Narcotics" Act - ANS taxation to restrict commerce in opioids and cocaine to authorized physicians, pharmacists and legitimate manufacturers required sellers to register and pay a special tax controlled opium and cocaine (racism) 1912 Sherley Amendment - ANS amendment to 1906 Pure food and drugs act enhanced "purity" outlawed "false and fraudulent" therapeutic claims on labels 1938 Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act - ANS "Safety" FDA became a gatekeeper required pre-market testing for toxicity required New Drug Application 1942 Kelauver Harris Amendment - ANS "effectiveness" pre-approval required before human testing" advertising must include info about side effects drugs must be demonstrated as being effective before hitting market phase 1 - ANS how the drug is absorbed and excreted phase 2 - ANS initial effectiveness testing phase 3 - ANS broader effectiveness testing orphan drug act - ANS tax and other financial incentives for developing drugs for rare disorders Modernization Act - ANS postmarketing reporting for adverse effects distribution of info about off label uses Dietary supplement health and marketing act - ANS labels must ba accurate prioucts cant make direct claims products can make general health claims can be marketed without proving safety Harrison Act - ANS narcotics divistion's interpretation led to criminalization 18th amendment - ANS alcohol prohabition narcotic farms - ANS created for rehabilitation harry anslinger - ANS drug czar schedule 1 - ANS high potential for abuse no accepted medical purpose lack of safety schedule 2 - ANS high potential for abuse accepted medical purpose abuse may lead to severe dependence schedule 3 - ANS lower potential for abuse accepted medical use abuse may lead to moderate psych and phy dependence schedule 4 - ANS low potential for abuse accepted medical use abuse may lead to limited psych and phy dependence schedule 5 - ANS lowest potential for abuse accepted medical use abuse may lead to moderate psych and phy dependence 26B - ANS budget for drug enforcment in 2012 10-15 - ANS ___ percent of illegal drug supply seized each year