SolutionManual forw w
Statistics for Nursingw w
w Research A w
w Workbookfor w
w Evidence-Based
w Practice 3rd Edition
w w
w SusanGrove Daisha
w w
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded w w w w w w
EXERCISE
Identifying Levels w
1
w
ofMeasurement: Nominal,
w w w
w Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio w w w
The questions are in bold followed by answers.
w w w w w w w
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide a
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rationale for your answer.
w w w w
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug
w w w w w w w w w w w w
categories were probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
drugs the subjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
usually on more than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The current
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
therapies are not measured at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since no drug
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
category can be considered more or less beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-1;
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
Grove & Gray, 2019).
w w w w
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
foryour answer.
w w w
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug for
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
thissample.
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3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
sample?Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
w w w w w w w w w w
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement resulted
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
in ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio-
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
level data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove &
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
Gray,2017; Knapp, 2017).
w w w w
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a
w w w w w w w w w w w w
study:What category identifies your current income as an RN?
w w w w w w w w w w
a. Less than $50,000
w w w
b. $50,000 to 59,999
w w w
c. $60,000 to 69,999
w w w
d. $70,000 to 80,000
w w w
e. $80,000 or greater
w w w
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow the
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
w w w w w w w w w w w
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income catego-
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
ries are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two open-ended
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
AG 1-1 w
,AG 1-2
w Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded w w w w w w
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since catego-ries
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
(d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark either (d)
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be changed to greater
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be rank ordered from the
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
lowest salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove & Gray, 2019;
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
Waltz et al., 2017).
w w w w
5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-item Likert scale
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated their symp- toms on
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depression symptoms.
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-item scale are considered to be at the
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz et al., 2017).
w w w w w w w w w w w w
6. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores
w w w w w w w w w w w
forthe cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS
w w w w w w w w w w w w
wscores for study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-level data as indicated in
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
Questions 5, so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (Gray et al., 2017; Kim &
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
Mallory, 2017).
w w
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importance of
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
this result.
w w
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the greater
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of the subjects
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub- jects with
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increases, cardiac
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress, such as
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially those in
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
higher NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
w w w w w w w w w w w w
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated with an
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole
w w w w w w w w w w w w
percent (%).
w w
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample included 15
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The number of cardiac patients not
w w w w w w w w w w ww ww ww w w
treated for depression was 91 (106 – 15 = 91). The group percent is calculated by the
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
following formula: (group frequency ÷ total sample size) × 100%. For this study, (91
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
patients ÷ 106 sample size) × 100% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%. The final answer is
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
rounded to the nearest whole percent as directed in the question. You could have also
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
subtracted the 14% of patients treated with antidepressants from 100% and obtained the 86% who
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
were not treated with an antidepressant.
w w w w w w
9. What was the purpose of the 6-minute walk test (6MWT)? Would the 6MWT be useful in
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
clinical practice?
w w
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, “The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
submaximal,steady-state functional capacity” of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
way to determine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
statusscore could be used to determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain functional
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
statusof cardiac patients.
w w w w
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
w w w w w w AG 1-3
w
10. How was exercise confidence measured in this study? What was the level of measurementfor
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
the exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
Answer: Exercise confidence of the patients with heart failure (HF) in this study was
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
measuredwith the Exercise Confidence Scale that included four subscales focused on walking,
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
climbing,lifting objects of graded weight, and running (see the study narrative). This was a
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
rating scalewith values ranging from 0 to 100. The patients’ scores for the Total Exercise
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
Confidence scaleand the subscales were considered interval-level data and analyzed with
w w w w w w w w w w w w
parametric statistics,such as means and SDs (see the study narrative; Waltz et al., 2017).
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
Statistics for Nursingw w
w Research A w
w Workbookfor w
w Evidence-Based
w Practice 3rd Edition
w w
w SusanGrove Daisha
w w
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded w w w w w w
EXERCISE
Identifying Levels w
1
w
ofMeasurement: Nominal,
w w w
w Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio w w w
The questions are in bold followed by answers.
w w w w w w w
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide a
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
rationale for your answer.
w w w w
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug
w w w w w w w w w w w w
categories were probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
drugs the subjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
usually on more than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The current
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
therapies are not measured at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since no drug
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
category can be considered more or less beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-1;
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
Grove & Gray, 2019).
w w w w
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
foryour answer.
w w w
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug for
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
thissample.
w w
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
sample?Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
w w w w w w w w w w
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement resulted
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
in ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio-
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
level data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove &
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
Gray,2017; Knapp, 2017).
w w w w
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a
w w w w w w w w w w w w
study:What category identifies your current income as an RN?
w w w w w w w w w w
a. Less than $50,000
w w w
b. $50,000 to 59,999
w w w
c. $60,000 to 69,999
w w w
d. $70,000 to 80,000
w w w
e. $80,000 or greater
w w w
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow the
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
w w w w w w w w w w w
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income catego-
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
ries are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two open-ended
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
AG 1-1 w
,AG 1-2
w Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded w w w w w w
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since catego-ries
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
(d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark either (d)
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be changed to greater
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be rank ordered from the
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
lowest salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove & Gray, 2019;
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
Waltz et al., 2017).
w w w w
5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-item Likert scale
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated their symp- toms on
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depression symptoms.
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-item scale are considered to be at the
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz et al., 2017).
w w w w w w w w w w w w
6. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores
w w w w w w w w w w w
forthe cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS
w w w w w w w w w w w w
wscores for study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-level data as indicated in
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
Questions 5, so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (Gray et al., 2017; Kim &
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
Mallory, 2017).
w w
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importance of
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
this result.
w w
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the greater
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of the subjects
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub- jects with
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increases, cardiac
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress, such as
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially those in
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
higher NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
w w w w w w w w w w w w
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated with an
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole
w w w w w w w w w w w w
percent (%).
w w
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample included 15
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The number of cardiac patients not
w w w w w w w w w w ww ww ww w w
treated for depression was 91 (106 – 15 = 91). The group percent is calculated by the
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
following formula: (group frequency ÷ total sample size) × 100%. For this study, (91
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
patients ÷ 106 sample size) × 100% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%. The final answer is
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
rounded to the nearest whole percent as directed in the question. You could have also
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
subtracted the 14% of patients treated with antidepressants from 100% and obtained the 86% who
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
were not treated with an antidepressant.
w w w w w w
9. What was the purpose of the 6-minute walk test (6MWT)? Would the 6MWT be useful in
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
clinical practice?
w w
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, “The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
submaximal,steady-state functional capacity” of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
way to determine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
statusscore could be used to determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain functional
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
statusof cardiac patients.
w w w w
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
w w w w w w AG 1-3
w
10. How was exercise confidence measured in this study? What was the level of measurementfor
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
the exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
Answer: Exercise confidence of the patients with heart failure (HF) in this study was
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
measuredwith the Exercise Confidence Scale that included four subscales focused on walking,
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
climbing,lifting objects of graded weight, and running (see the study narrative). This was a
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
rating scalewith values ranging from 0 to 100. The patients’ scores for the Total Exercise
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
Confidence scaleand the subscales were considered interval-level data and analyzed with
w w w w w w w w w w w w
parametric statistics,such as means and SDs (see the study narrative; Waltz et al., 2017).
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
