KPEERI EXAM PREP QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS

KPEERI EXAM PREP QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS “Print Awareness is: - CORRECT ANSWER Understanding the function of print and how it is organized on a page." "Phoneme blending is: - CORRECT ANSWER Harder than onset and rime." "The onset sound(s) is the: - CORRECT ANSWER Sounds before the vowel in a syllable." "The definition of phoneme is, "The smallest part of _____________ language." - CORRECT ANSWER Spoken" "The word eight has how many phonemes? - CORRECT ANSWER 2" "A teacher who is explaining how to place a set of words into categories based on their spelling patterns is engaged in: - CORRECT ANSWER Phonics instruction" "Phonics instruction is important because it helps students to: - CORRECT ANSWER Understand the relationship between letters and sounds, recognize unfamiliar words, and improve reading comprehension." "Fluent readers read text: - CORRECT ANSWER Accurately, quickly, and with expression." "Readers who are "fluent": - CORRECT ANSWER Read smoothly with appropriate phrasing." "Fluent readers are able to ________________ as they read: - CORRECT ANSWER Connect ideas, focus on meaning, and recognize words." "Fluency rate when reading fiction and non-fiction _____________: - CORRECT ANSWER Is sometimes different." "Which instructional approach, is most effective for increasing fluency? - CORRECT ANSWER Students re-reading a passage aloud while receiving guidance." "The best strategy for developing fluency is to provide your students with opportunities to ________________________: - CORRECT ANSWER Read the same passage orally several times." "Model fluent reading, then have students ____________________: - CORRECT ANSWER Reread the text on their own." "Which of the following is an example of vocabulary instruction? - CORRECT ANSWER Explaining the words: sphere, cylinder, and cube." "__________________ is a way of teaching vocabulary in a direct manner. - CORRECT ANSWER Providing students with strategies for learning words." "Most word meanings are learned: - CORRECT ANSWER Through hearing words in context." "Vocabulary may be learned indirectly through: - CORRECT ANSWER Learning to use context clues." "Beginning readers have a difficult time comprehending words that are not part of their: - CORRECT ANSWER Oral vocabulary" "A way of learning vocabulary indirectly is through: - CORRECT ANSWER Hearing words used in context." "Which of these is a component of effective vocabulary instruction? - CORRECT ANSWER Preteach content and academic vocabulary found in a text book before reading the text, creating opportunities for students to hear, say, write, and read new vocabulary and anchor new vocabulary to existing background knowledge." "Which technique listed below would likely help students to remember difficult words? - CORRECT ANSWER Using vocabulary words throughout the week in different subject areas." "What percent of words can be learned from knowing the basic spelling patterns and rules? - CORRECT ANSWER 0.9" "Excellent spelling instruction targets primarily: - CORRECT ANSWER The application of letter-sound relationships and patterns." "Which example is of a digraph? - CORRECT ANSWER The letters sh in the word shrink." "A child who writes the letter L for the word hippopotamus is in which of Gentry's stages of spelling development? - CORRECT ANSWER Precommunicative stages" "Spellers: - CORRECT ANSWER Advance through stages in their spelling development." "Effective spelling instruction should include: - CORRECT ANSWER Instruction on letter-sound correspondence and sequence, instruction on pattern in words, and instruction on groups of letters that aid in the meaning of the word." "Spelling variations for the same sound should be: - CORRECT ANSWER Taught incrementally." "Which activity could be used in activating a students' prior knowledge? - CORRECT ANSWER Previewing a text with your students and asking them what they already know about the topic." "Which of the following is true? - CORRECT ANSWER Writing and reading development parallel each other." "As writers, children learn that: - CORRECT ANSWER Print carries meaning, print is purposeful, and print gives us meaning." "Brainstorming: - CORRECT ANSWER Is part of the writing process." "A goal for kindergarten instruction should be: - CORRECT ANSWER Capitalization, punctuation, and using letter pattern to spell words." "Which is not part of the writing process? - CORRECT ANSWER Retelling" "Phoneme deletion tasks assess a child's ability to: - CORRECT ANSWER Remove a sound from in a word." "Informal assessment provides information that allows teachers to: - CORRECT ANSWER Deliver instruction at the right level of difficulty." "Which is an example of an informal reading assessment? - CORRECT ANSWER Informal reading inventory, letter/sound recognition, and concepts of print." "Scarborough's Reading Rope - CORRECT ANSWER -Language Comprehension -Word recognition -Skilled reading Becoming a skilled reader is woven over time with explicit instruction and a lot of practice." "Simple View of Reading - CORRECT ANSWER Decoding x Language comprehension = Reading comprehension An inefficiency in either component will result in reading failure." "Phonemic Awareness - CORRECT ANSWER Sensitivity to individual sounds in words. cat = 3 sounds /k/ /a/ /t/" "Phonemes - CORRECT ANSWER The smallest unit of spoken language that makes a difference in the meaning of a word. /k/ to /b/ = bat" "Letter - CORRECT ANSWER Symbol that represents a sound. # of letters # of graphemes cat /k/ /a/ /t/ 3 3 c-a-t chat /ch/ /a/ /t/ 4 3 ch-a-t" "Grapheme - CORRECT ANSWER A specific letter or group of letters that represents a specific sound. # of letters # of graphemes cat /k/ /a/ /t/ 3 3 c-a-t chat /ch/ /a/ /t/ 4 3 ch-a-t" "Phonology - CORRECT ANSWER System of rules and patterns that determine how sounds are used in spoken language." "Morphology - CORRECT ANSWER The way words are formed and related to one another. The study of meaningful units of language." "Morpheme - CORRECT ANSWER The smallest unit of language that carries meaning. Prefixes, suffixes, base words." "Syntax - CORRECT ANSWER -Grammatical structure of language -Word order -Sentence structure -Noun/verb agreement -Parts of speech" "-Vowel pair -boat -sea -sheep -cow -play - CORRECT ANSWER Anglo Saxon/Old English" "-Affixing of base words: prefixes & suffixes are clues. -redo -restless -darkness -undress - CORRECT ANSWER Anglo Saxon/Old English" "-Roots or words that end in ct or pt -act -contact apt adapt - CORRECT ANSWER Latin" "-Chameleon prefixes -attract (ad + tract) -illegal (in + legal) -immature (in + mature) - CORRECT ANSWER Latin" "-The Affixing of a root: putting prefixes, suffixes and other roots. -construct -construction -constructionist -deconstructionist - CORRECT ANSWER Latin" "-S, C, T pronounced /sh/ -expression -spacious -partial - CORRECT ANSWER Latin" "-Schwa or unstressed vowel sound -direction -excellence -universal - CORRECT ANSWER Latin" "-ph: consonant cluster ph = /f/ -phase -paragraph -telephone -phonology - CORRECT ANSWER Greek" "-Combining forms -telescope -phonograph -telegraph -phonoscope - CORRECT ANSWER Greek" "-Medial y -Thyme -Gymnasium -Photosynthesis - CORRECT ANSWER Greek" "-Consonant Cluster ch=/k/ -chemistry -ache -chlorophyll - CORRECT ANSWER Greek" "-Initial rh, pt, pn, ps -rhinoceros -ptomaine -pneumonia -psychology - CORRECT ANSWER Greek" "Free morpheme: - CORRECT ANSWER A morpheme that can stand alone. -duct, port, bias" "Bound morpheme: - CORRECT ANSWER A morpheme that must be attached to other morphemes. -vis, fusc, pre" "Morpheme - CORRECT ANSWER Smallest unit of meaning in a word or syllable." "Vocabulary should be taught ________________ and __________________. - CORRECT ANSWER Directly and indirectly." "Dyslexia learning disability is.. - CORRECT ANSWER A language based learning disability. Where children do not pick up the patterns of a language." "Dyslexia Intervention - CORRECT ANSWER Make secure the following areas: -Phonemic Awareness -Letter Recognition -Repeated Exposure to the Word -Over Learning the Patterns of the Language" "Disorders Related to Dyslexia - CORRECT ANSWER - Executive Dysfunction - Dysgraphia (Handwriting) - Dyscalculia (Math) - Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder - Dyspraxia (Motor Coordination)" "Executive Function Disability - CORRECT ANSWER Inability to direct or regulate focus on the planning, carrying out, and completion of day-to-day or long-term activities." "Metacognitive Executive Function Skills - CORRECT ANSWER - Set goals - Plan - Initiate - Persist - Manage time - Self Monitor" "ADHD - CORRECT ANSWER Is not considered a learning disability" "Dyspraxia - CORRECT ANSWER Disorder that affects motor skill development" "Practices and Standards - CORRECT ANSWER - Content Knowledge - Practice of Effective Instruction - Ethical Standards for the Profession" "Ethical Standards - CORRECT ANSWER Safeguard and Protect - students, parents, therapists, other professionals Inform -disseminate reliable and helpful information Uphold - ensure compliance with best practices" "ALTA CODE OF ETHICS - CORRECT ANSWER Recognition of responsibility to: - Students - Parents - Legal Guardians/Caretakers - Administrators - Colleagues - Associated Professionals - Community" "Scarborough's Reading Rope - CORRECT ANSWER Reading is a multifaceted skill, gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice." "Simple View of Reading (SVR) - CORRECT ANSWER Reading is a complex process with two components: - decoding - linguistic comprehension RC = D x LC" "Domains of Language - CORRECT ANSWER - Pragmatics - Phonology - Orthography - Syntax - Semantics - Morphology" "Syntax - CORRECT ANSWER Grammatical structure - parts speech - word order - sentence structure" "Pragmatics - CORRECT ANSWER Social use of language" "Phonology - CORRECT ANSWER Sound structure of langluage" "Orthography - CORRECT ANSWER Patterns of written words" "Morphology - CORRECT ANSWER Way words are formed (meaning carrying units)" "Semantics - CORRECT ANSWER Meanings of words" "Cerebral Cortex - CORRECT ANSWER Outermost layer of the brain. Part of brain involved in high-level processing." "Broca's Frontal Lobe - CORRECT ANSWER Higher order functioning (language)" "Parietal lobe - CORRECT ANSWER Kinesthetic/body awareness Angular gyrus" "Occipital lobe - CORRECT ANSWER Vision" "Temporal lobe - CORRECT ANSWER Speech center/auditory processing center Wernicke's Area" "A Dyslexic Reader - CORRECT ANSWER - Activates right hemisphere - Left temporal parietal and occipital lobe are under-activated - Whole left frontal are over-activated - May reflect a compensatory mechanism - May also relate to structural symmetry" "Linguistic Instruction - CORRECT ANSWER Will increase proficiency and fluency." "Process-oriented Instruction - CORRECT ANSWER Will create independent readers" "Descriptors of Instruction - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Explicit, direct instruction that is systematic, sequential, and cumulative 2. Individualized instruction that meets the specific needs of each student in a small group setting 3. Intensive, highly concentrated instruction that maximizes student engagement 4. Meaning-based instruction 5. Multisensory instruction" "Ideas for Vocabulary Learning - CORRECT ANSWER = the gift of words = point of contact teaching = definition and contextual information = deep processing of words = multiple exposures" "Reading Accommodations for Dyslexia students - CORRECT ANSWER Provide taped texts Allow someone to read to the student Permit Shared reading Use highlighted of underlined text Allow extra time Reduce Assignment" "Definitional and Contextual Knowledge - CORRECT ANSWER Create Word Connections/Profiles = synonyms = antonyms = categories = comparisons = COBUILD dictionary = Generating sentences = scenarios = possible sentences" "Generating Rich Connections - CORRECT ANSWER = Text talk = Multiple Exposures = Criss-crossing the Landscape = Four Square = Morphology" "Vocabulary Instruction - CORRECT ANSWER Should - permeate the classroom - robust - timely - interesting" "Word Level Strategies - CORRECT ANSWER Use: = visual cues = gestural cues = semantic cues = phonologic/graphemic cues" "A Sentence Level Strategy - CORRECT ANSWER Sentence combining" "Paragraphs Level Strategies - CORRECT ANSWER = Comparison/contrast - while, although, however = Descriptive - nervous sailors, gray clouds = Sequence/Process - first, next, finally" "2 Golden Rules for teachers that work with word retrieval and language formulation difficulties - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Allow students opportunities to talk by taking turns and sue self-monitoring to prevent interruption. 2. Respect students' efforts to express themselves." "Writing Strategies to assist struggling writers - CORRECT ANSWER = forward and backward chaining = phonetic spelling = A-Z Vocabulary Sheet = Modeling of intrinsic techniques = Sentence hierarchies = practicing listen to words used in complete sentences = exposure to good writing in print = practicing sentence combining = using sentence frames or templates = orally rehearsing writing beforehand = scaffolding paragraph components = paragraph type key wo" "Flat World - CORRECT ANSWER World where communications happen rapidly and where everything is interconnected (because of the internet)" "Auditory Processing Accommodations for students with dyslexia - CORRECT ANSWER = teach student to look at speaker = encourage oral statement = Give extra time to process an answer = Allow student to look at text that is read aloud = work on phonological awareness skills with vocabulary = provide assistance with note-taking" "Spelling Accommodations for students with dyslexia - CORRECT ANSWER = Don't count spelling. = Provide a word bank. = Allow students to use "the underline option." = Use a spell check on the word processor or a spellchecker. = Use a rubric to evaluate progress in spelling." "Handwriting and/or copying Accommodations for students with dyslexia - CORRECT ANSWER = Minimize copying. = Provide a photocopy of the page. = Accept briefest form of an answer. = Appoint an official class notetaker. = Accept illustrations or projects. = Accept oral work as a substitute. = Encourage the use of a word processor." "CERRI - CORRECT ANSWER Dyslexia Exam" "2 hours - CORRECT ANSWER To complete exam of 100 multiple choice questions" "Accommodations for Testing Situations - CORRECT ANSWER = give tests orally = allow the test to be taken in a different environment = give shorter and more frequent tests" "Combining Forms - CORRECT ANSWER An alternate name for roots primarily of Greek origin that combine with other Greek roots to form words." "Pre-communication Stage of Spelling Development - CORRECT ANSWER Spelling lacks: =understanding of the concept of a word =understanding of the alphabetic principle -conventions of print" "Semi-Phonetic Stage of Spelling Development - CORRECT ANSWER =Spelling attempts are connected to the level of the syllable. =Strong use of initial or salient consonants = Left-to-right progression is present. = Space between words if often missing." "Phonetic Stage of Spelling Development - CORRECT ANSWER = Every sound of a word is represented. = Spelling lacks understanding of spelling conventions. = Odd but linguistically understandable spelling choices may be observed. = Heightened sense of letter patterns emerges." "Conventional Stage of Spelling Development - CORRECT ANSWER = Words are spelled according to the traditional conventions of spelling." "Quick View of developing spellers - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Partial representation of word.(some, but not all sounds are represented) 2. Complete representation of word. (all sounds are marked) 3. Complete representation and some understanding of orthographic conventions." "Students with Partial representation of word need - CORRECT ANSWER word at the phoneme level" "Students with complete representation of word need - CORRECT ANSWER to be taught spelling patterns and rules" "Students with Complete representation and orthographic conventions need - CORRECT ANSWER to increase student's awarenessof how words are spelled" "An example of print awareness is: - CORRECT ANSWER A child points to a McDonald's billboard and yells, "Mommy! I want a Happy Meal!"" "Which is not an example of print awareness? - CORRECT ANSWER A child indicates that he can sing the alphabet song." "Print awareness tasks: - CORRECT ANSWER Can be given by the classroom teacher, can help students to develop print awareness, and are related to children's later success in reading." "Print awareness typically, but not always, begins to develop: - CORRECT ANSWER Before children begin school." "A child who writes from top to bottom and from left to right possess: - CORRECT ANSWER Print awareness" "Print awareness is an understanding that print: - CORRECT ANSWER is different from pictures on a page, carries meaning, and has practical uses." "What is the relationship between spoken and written language? - CORRECT ANSWER Print is used to represent the words we speak." "Which is an example of print awareness? - CORRECT ANSWER Print is read from left to right." "Phonemic awareness is: - CORRECT ANSWER A strong predictor of future reading success, a sub skill of phonological awareness, and a foundational reading skill." "There are __________________ sounds in the English language: - CORRECT ANSWER More than 40." "Phonological awareness is: - CORRECT ANSWER A person's ability to hear sound structures of speech, a person's ability to manipulate sound structures of speech, and a print-free skill set." "How are phonemes represented in writing to differentiate them from actual words? - CORRECT ANSWER By placing the letters between slashes /b/." "How many syllables do you hear in the word submerges? - CORRECT ANSWER 3" "Which is an example of phoneme segmentation? - CORRECT ANSWER A child telling his teacher there are four sounds in truck, /t/ /r/ /u/ /ck/" "The ability to hear, identify, and manipulate the onset and rimes in words is called ______________: - CORRECT ANSWER Phonological awareness" "The ability to hear, identify, and manipulate discrete, individual sounds in words is called: - CORRECT ANSWER Phonemic awareness" "How many speech sounds are there in the English language? - CORRECT ANSWER Between 42-44" "An example of phonemic awareness is: - CORRECT ANSWER A child categorizing pictures that begin with the same sound." "Phonemic awareness activities include: - CORRECT ANSWER Blending sounds together to make a word, identifying words that begin with the same letter, and breaking a word into individual sounds." "Phonological awareness activities include ________________: - CORRECT ANSWER Syllable blending" "Digraphs such as "sh" make ________________ sound(s). - CORRECT ANSWER 1" "When teaching phonological awareness, teachers should: - CORRECT ANSWER Use multisensory activities, teach each skill to mastery, and start with the simplest skills and build to harder skills." "Phonemic awareness is one part of _________________, which also includes activities on phonemes, rhymes, syllables, and more: - CORRECT ANSWER Phonological awareness" "Phonics instruction: - CORRECT ANSWER Should be taught because it teaches a system for remembering how to read words." "The alphabetic principle is understanding: - CORRECT ANSWER The relationship between letters and spoken words." "The written letter A is a: - CORRECT ANSWER Grapheme" "Phonics programs are effective when they: - CORRECT ANSWER Include a carefully selected set of letter-sound relationships organized into a logical sequence, include a set of precise directions for teaching these relationships, and include lots of opportunities for children to apply learning to reading and writing." "Phonics instruction is most effective when it is taught: - CORRECT ANSWER In primary grades." "Which is an example of systematic phonic instruction? - CORRECT ANSWER Teaching a set of letter-sound relationships in a clearly defined sequence." "Effective phonics programs provide students with opportunities to practice applying their knowledge about phonics as they: - CORRECT ANSWER Read, write, and blend sounds to form words." "Repeated oral readings: - CORRECT ANSWER Improve word recognition, improve speed, and improve reading comprehension." ""Round robin" reading does not increase fluency because: - CORRECT ANSWER Passages assigned to students to read are only read once, students only read small amounts of text, and teachers do not give feedback." "Students who are likely to need fluency support: - CORRECT ANSWER Have a limited vocabulary and limited background knowledge, have processing speed or attention challenges, and are receiving reading intervention in other skill areas." "Automaticity and fluency: - CORRECT ANSWER Are different, but related processes." "Silent, independent reading ______________________: - CORRECT ANSWER Has not been proven effective as an instructional technique." "Automaticity: - CORRECT ANSWER Refers to accurate and speedy word recognition." "Which activity works best for increasing fluency? - CORRECT ANSWER Repeated readings." "Which activity promotes fluency in students? - CORRECT ANSWER Reading a book that is at the right level for independent reading, receiving guidance when reading aloud, and listening to someone model fluent reading." "A book is considered to be at the instructional level if it can be read with: - CORRECT ANSWER 90% accuracy." "A fluent reader _________________: - CORRECT ANSWER Reads with expression, divides text into meaningful chunks, pauses appropriately within and at the end of sentences." "Fluency changes _____________________: - CORRECT ANSWER Depending on what the reader is reading." "Listening to an adult model fluent reading ___________________: - CORRECT ANSWER Gives students a chance to hear how the written text should sound, demonstrates fluency to students, and serves as a strategy for building fluency." "Struggling readers may have slower fluency rates because they ________________________: - CORRECT ANSWER Have no background knowledge on the subject, decoding unfamiliar words, and are reading text that is beyond their reading level." "Academic vocabulary refers to: - CORRECT ANSWER Words that cross academic disciplines, such as determine, illustrate, and average." "An example of teaching semantic gradients is when ________________: - CORRECT ANSWER Arranging words that describe the speed of movement from fastest to slowest." "Which is a strategy for teaching vocabulary? - CORRECT ANSWER Teaching students about 'word parts', teaching students about 'multiple meanings' for words, and teaching students to use context clues." "Students' vocabulary can be increased by: - CORRECT ANSWER Discussing new words before reading a story, listening to a teacher explain the meaning of unknown words, and teaching students to look for word parts such as prefixes, root words, etc." "Preschool age children have a __________________ vocabulary. - CORRECT ANSWER Speaking and listening." "Which is not a word learning strategy? - CORRECT ANSWER Copying unknown words from the chalkboard." "In determining what types of words to teach, you should choose: - CORRECT ANSWER Words that are important in understanding a concept, words that students are likely to see again and again, and words that have multiple meanings." "Children: - CORRECT ANSWER Advance through stages in their spelling development, can be taught the spelling rules and patterns to become better spellers, and must memorize some spelling words which are irregular." "A student who writes u for you is in what stage of spelling development? - CORRECT ANSWER Semiphonetic stage" "Spelling instruction should include: - CORRECT ANSWER Instruction on the alphabetic principle, instruction on the patterns, found in words, and instruction of the meanings of words." "Which shows an invented approach to spelling? - CORRECT ANSWER Spells the word is as iz." "Invented spelling: - CORRECT ANSWER Is a sound-letter approach to spelling words." "Spelling instruction should: - CORRECT ANSWER Follow a sequential order, build on a student's current knowledge, and include time devoted to writing to apply what is being learned." "A teacher who asks her students to write a thank you note to the post office worker they visited on a field trip is: - CORRECT ANSWER Creating a purposeful reason to write, allowing her student's time to apply spelling patterns and rules taught, and collecting writing samples to use to determine what stage of spelling each child is in." "Spelling intervention should: - CORRECT ANSWER Employ scaffolding techniques that support all students, encourage students to memorize rules and principles, and encourage students to rely on assistive technologies." "One way to ascertain students; progress in the area of spelling development is by _____________________: - CORRECT ANSWER Analyzing students' writing." "Early spelling skills are best taught when teachers build a bridge between what two skills? - CORRECT ANSWER Phonological/phonemic awareness and letter patterns." "Spelling instruction should include information on ________________. - CORRECT ANSWER Letter-sound association, spelling patterns, and word meanings." "Comprehension: - CORRECT ANSWER Can be taught through a variety of strategies." "Comprehension is: - CORRECT ANSWER The reason we read, active, and develop through strategies." "Students who read words accurately but cannot comprehend: - CORRECT ANSWER Are struggling with language comprehension." "Good readers tend to: - CORRECT ANSWER Make sense of what they read, use their own experiences to help make sense out of text, and know how to resolve problems when they don't understand the text." "Comprehension can be: - CORRECT ANSWER Improved with instruction." "Graphic organizers: - CORRECT ANSWER Help students focus on text structure as they read." "Which is not a comprehension strategy: - CORRECT ANSWER Morphology" "Comprehension instruction should begin: - CORRECT ANSWER In primary grades." "Teaching story structure to aid in comprehension would be appropriate when using the following: - CORRECT ANSWER A story" "Cooperative learning involves students working together: - CORRECT ANSWER As partners, in small groups, and on defined tasks." "Metacognition is: - CORRECT ANSWER "Thinking about thinking"" "A student who identifies where their difficulty occurred may be using which comprehension strategy? - CORRECT ANSWER Metacognition" "Explicitly teaching text features helps students to: - CORRECT ANSWER Find information quickly when answering questions after reading, mentally organize new information, and understand the hierarchy of information from most important to least important." "Which of the following is a comprehension strategy? - CORRECT ANSWER Story map" "Cooperative learning: - CORRECT ANSWER Allows students to work together, allows students to help each other learn, and allows for effective comprehension strategy instruction." "Text comprehension strategies should be taught to students: - CORRECT ANSWER Once reading instruction begins." "The purpose of activating students' prior knowledge is to: - CORRECT ANSWER Enable students to draw from their own experiences." "Effective comprehension instruction requires: - CORRECT ANSWER A direct explanation of strategy, modeling of strategy, and application of a strategy." "A writing lesson may include instruction on : - CORRECT ANSWER Capitalization, punctuation, and organization." "A child's scribbling should be seen as: - CORRECT ANSWER An attempt to write meaningful text." "Children's drawings: - CORRECT ANSWER Are important in a child's writing, will appear throughout the different stages, and contain ideas and messages they want to convey." "Children begin learning to write in _____________________. - CORRECT ANSWER Early childhood." "Writing ins a skill that improves when a student: - CORRECT ANSWER Becomes a better reader, gains additional writing practice, and revises the first draft." ""Rough drafts" are important because they allow students to: - CORRECT ANSWER Proofread work for errors, replace overused words, and reflect and make changes." "Writing should be: - CORRECT ANSWER Modeled by teachers and parents." "Struggling writers may benefit from: - CORRECT ANSWER Talking about a writing assignment, being given extra time to complete writing assignments, and getting feedback that lets them know that their writing is valued." "Teachers should take class time to explicitly teach ________________: - CORRECT ANSWER Changing slang to standard English." "How can teachers support struggling writers? - CORRECT ANSWER Providing scaffolding and frequent check-ins to ensure the student is not stuck." "Writing should be a part of the instructional day in which of the following grades? - CORRECT ANSWER Kindergarten, first grade, and second grade" "Writing is a skill that: - CORRECT ANSWER Improves with practice." "Students should work with peers as a way to: - CORRECT ANSWER Get feedback on their draft, have input from others in the editing process, and make improvements to the draft." "The last step before students turn in the 'final copy' is: - CORRECT ANSWER Editing" "_________________ contribution to writing success in children. - CORRECT ANSWER Meaningful oral language experiences with adults, exposure to print on a regular basis, and practice engaging in writing." "Which component(s), can teachers assess informally? - CORRECT ANSWER Comprehension, fluency, and phonemic awareness." "Informal assessment tools provide information that teachers can use _____________________: - CORRECT ANSWER To plan ongoing instruction, to identify struggling readers, and to determine instructional groups." "Which of the following is an example of a common informal reading assessment? - CORRECT ANSWER Phonemic awareness assessment, qualitative reading inventory, and running records." "Who should be given informal assessments? - CORRECT ANSWER Students who are struggling readers, students who are good readers, and students who are average readers." "Informal assessment tools _______________: - CORRECT ANSWER Can be used by teachers to help plan instruction." "Which of the following is not an example of a phoneme awareness task? - CORRECT ANSWER Phoneme concentration" "Which informal assessment requires a student to read aloud from a text? - CORRECT ANSWER Oral reading accuracy." "A letter/sound recognition assessment can reveal whether or not a student knows the __________________: - CORRECT ANSWER Capital letters, letter sounds, and lowercase letters." "Informal assessment tools help teachers to: - CORRECT ANSWER Determine which students need extra support." "_________________ assessment can be given as part of an Informal Reading Inventory or combined with a comprehension assessment. - CORRECT ANSWER Oral reading accuracy." "Assessments should be given: - CORRECT ANSWER Several times during the school year." "The best informal assessment measures students' __________________: - CORRECT ANSWER There is not one best informal assessment." "Assessments can serve to ________________: - CORRECT ANSWER "Test" the teacher's teaching skill, "monitor" students' progress, and "guide" classroom instruction." "Which assessment asks students to "point to a word"? - CORRECT ANSWER Concepts of print." "Informal assessment can be part of an instructional plan that includes: - CORRECT ANSWER Delivering instruction, administering standardized evaluation, and revising lesson plans." "Explicit Instruction - CORRECT ANSWER Structured literacy instruction requires the deliberate teaching of all concepts with continuous student-teacher interaction." "Diagnostic Teaching - CORRECT ANSWER The teacher must be adept at individualized instruction. That is instruction that meets a student's needs. The instruction is based on careful and continuous assessment, both informally and formally." "Chall's Stage 0: Pre-Reading - CORRECT ANSWER -6 months to 6 years -Oral language is important throughout this stage. -Children begin to recognize letters. -Children learn there is language in books." "Chall's Stage 1: Initial Reading - CORRECT ANSWER -Grade 1 & beginning grade 2 -Students learn how sounds in spoken words relate to print. -Students learn to read high-frequency, irregular words. -Listening comprehension is more efficient than reading comprehension." "Chall's Stage 2: Confirmation and Fluency - CORRECT ANSWER -Grades 2 & 3 -Students consolidate knowledge of letters and sounds. -Students read with fluency (speed and expression). -Students read for pleasure." "Chall's Stage 3: Reading for New Learning - CORRECT ANSWER -Grades 4 to 8 -The tables turn. -Students are no longer learning to read; they are reading to learn." "Chall's Stage 4: Reading from Multiple Viewpoints - CORRECT ANSWER -Grades 9 to 12 -Comprehension continues to deepen." "Chall's Stage 5: Construction and Reconstruction - CORRECT ANSWER -College and beyond -Construct (build) knowledge from reading -Reconstruct new knowledge -Unfortunately many students never reach it to this stage." "Orthography - CORRECT ANSWER Refers to the patterns of written language; how words are spelled." "Semantics - CORRECT ANSWER -Meaning -Multiple meanings, different meanings for the same word. -Synonyms, words with the same or almost the same meaning. -Antonyms, words with opposite meanings." "Pragmatics - CORRECT ANSWER -Social use of language -How language is used to achieve goals." "Syllable - CORRECT ANSWER Is a word or part of word made with one opening of the mouth; has one vowel sound." "segmentation - CORRECT ANSWER separating a word into parts, such as syllables, onsets, rimes and phonemes. Also called unblending." "Onset - CORRECT ANSWER The initial consonant(s) before the vowel sound in a syllable. onset rime mat /m/ /at/ slip /sl/ /ip/" "Rime - CORRECT ANSWER The part of the syllable that contains the vowel sound and the consonant sound(s) that follow. onset rime mat /m/ /at/ slip /sl/ /ip/" "Inflectional ending - CORRECT ANSWER A suffix that changes the form or usage of a word. -indicates number, person, present tense, past tense." "Derivational suffix - CORRECT ANSWER Suffix added to a base word and creates a word that is different from the base word such as the part of speech or function." "Anglo-Saxon/Old English - CORRECT ANSWER 20-25% of English language" "Latin - CORRECT ANSWER 60% of English language" "Greek - CORRECT ANSWER 10-12% of English language" "Other language - CORRECT ANSWER 3-5% of English language" "-Short common everyday words: this, that, girl, boy, up, down, go, stop, slow, fast -1 to 2 syllable words -Pronunciation doesn't match spelling such as come, gone, does. - CORRECT ANSWER Anglo Saxon/Old English" "-Consonant pairs: gn, kn, wr -gnat, gnarl, gnaw -knee, knock, knife -wring, wrist, wrench - CORRECT ANSWER Anglo Saxon/Old English" "-Consonant digraphs: sh, ch, th, wh -sheep, shall -cheek, chip -these, those -while, when - CORRECT ANSWER Anglo Saxon/Old English" "-Compound words: two words put together to make a new word. -sidewalk -flashlight -inside -cowgirl, cowboy - CORRECT ANSWER Anglo Saxon/Old English" "Assessment is: - CORRECT ANSWER A process of collecting data for the purpose of making decisions about an individual or groups." "Formative Assessment: - CORRECT ANSWER -A wide range of formal and informal tests and assessments. -Used to modify instruction. -Universal screenings, progress monitors, observations, portfolios." "Summative Assessment: - CORRECT ANSWER -Summarize learning at specific time intervals. -SAT, STAAR (Texas), end-of-year exams, end-of-unit exams." "Screenings - CORRECT ANSWER -Brief instruments given to whole classes. -Identify students who are "at risk". -Texas Primary Reading Inventory (TPRI); Developmental Reading Assessment(DRA; Dynamic Indicator of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS)" "Progress Monitoring - CORRECT ANSWER -Scientifically-based practice -Assesses progress -Evaluates Effectiveness of instruction -Individual, small group, or whole class -Frequency determines intensity of monitoring (tier 1 less frequent than tiers 2 and 3)." "Validity - CORRECT ANSWER The extent to which a test measures what it is suppose to measure." "Score reliability - CORRECT ANSWER the consistency with which scores on a measurement instrument measure an underlying construct, which is a trait, ability, or a behavior." "Absence of bias - CORRECT ANSWER A measurement should not be offensive, not be unfair to a gender, an ethnicity, or any other characteristic." "Raw scores - CORRECT ANSWER Number of items answered correctly." "Derived scores - CORRECT ANSWER Standardize and give meaning to the raw scores; -standard scores/scaled scores -percentiles -normal curve equivalent scores (NCEs) -age/grade equivalents" "Mean - CORRECT ANSWER The average score." "Standard deviation - CORRECT ANSWER How variable scores are from the mean." Defining Features of Effective Programs - CORRECT ANSWER = a continuum of literacy instruction = systems for managing student behavior = screening system = high quality teaching practices = progress monitoring = access to engaging, leveled reading materials = culture of growth and achievement = structures that support instruction = high quality professional development = instructional coaching" "Dyslexia Symptoms - CORRECT ANSWER Lack of phonological processing -phonological awareness -verbal short term memory -articulation speed" "RAN - CORRECT ANSWER Rapid automatized naming: measures how quickly individuals can name aloud -objects -pictures -colors -symbols (letters or digits)" "Mean - CORRECT ANSWER Average score on the bell curve" "Standard Deviation - CORRECT ANSWER Tells us how variable scores are from the mean" "Percentile Scores - CORRECT ANSWER Compare raw scores from an individual to a national group that matches the individual in age or grade and range from 1 to 99. (cannot be added or averaged to obtain an overall score) Cannot compare across tests and or schools." "Standard Scores - CORRECT ANSWER How far and individual falls from the mean. Are obtained from raw scores and make scores uniform across groups. Can compare across tests, schools & states" "IQ Standard Scores - CORRECT ANSWER Have a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15." "Normal Cure Equivalent Scores (NCEs) - CORRECT ANSWER Have a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 21.06 (found on some achievement tests)" "SVR Quadrant 1 - CORRECT ANSWER Adequate Decoding Adequate Listening Comprehension" "SVR Quadrant 2 - CORRECT ANSWER Poor Decoding Adequate Listening Comprehension (Dyslexia students fall in this quadrant)" "SVR Quadrant 3 - CORRECT ANSWER Adequate Decoding Poor Language Comprehension" "SVR Quadrant 4 - CORRECT ANSWER Poor Decoding Poor Language Comprehension" "Work needed at the phoneme level - CORRECT ANSWER Partial phonological representation ("sd" or "c" for seed)" "Spelling patterns and rules need to be to be taught - CORRECT ANSWER Complete phonological representation ("cd" or "sed" for seed)" "Complete phonological representation and orthographic conventions ("sed" or ":sead" for seed) - CORRECT ANSWER Increase student's awareness of how words are spelled" "IDA Knowledge and Practice Standards - CORRECT ANSWER KNOWLEDGE STANDARDS - the what and how to teach PRACTICE STANDARDS - the how well the content is taught" "Essential Components for Instruction for students with Dyslexia - CORRECT ANSWER Phonemic Awareness Instruction - detect - segment - blend - manipulate sounds in spoken language." "Phoneme Awareness Instruction - CORRECT ANSWER isolate, identify, categorize blend and segment delete, add, substitute, reverse" "Language Structure Instruction - CORRECT ANSWER - morphology - semantics - syntax - pragmatics" "Graphophonemic Knowledge - CORRECT ANSWER Understands that: = words are made of sounds = sounds are written with letters = blend sounds into words = separate words into component sounds for spelling and writing"