Certified in Public Health Exam Review Guide:
Evidence-Based Public Health Strategies Final
Assessment Questions 2025 | Full Verified Guide |
A+ Rated
What are the three measure of disease frequency? - Ratios, Proportions, and Rates
What is the difference between incidence and prevalence? - Incidence is the measure of
the number of new cases of a disease; Prevalence is the number of existing cases of a disease
during a given time period
What is the difference between endemic, epidemic, and pandemic? - Endemic is when
there is a consistent elevated rate of a certain disease, epidemic is an increase in the number of
cases above what is expected, and pandemic is a worldwide epidemic.
What are the two types of study designs? - descriptive and analytic
What are case studies/case reports? - studies used to alert people of a new disease or
new association with illness
What is a cross-sectional study? - studies that include people who are representative of a
given population (snapshot of time)
What is an ecological study? - - compare populations, not individuals
What is a case-control study? - observational study where 2 groups that have different
outcomes are compared to find a causal factor
What is a cohort study? - group of people who do not have outcome of interest are
followed and may develop the outcome of interest over time. For each possible risk factor, the
members of the cohort are classified as either exposed or unexposed. All the cohort members
are then followed over time and rates of outcome events are compared in the two exposure
groups
What is a randomized control trial? (RCT) - - uses a large number of subjects to test a
treatments effect and compare the results with a control group who didn't receive treatment
- randomization of subjects is essential
, What are systematic reviews and meta-analyses? - Studies that pool the results of
multiple independent studies with established criteria to identify the evidence for associations
Bias away from the null - observed effect is stronger than the true effect
Bias towards the null - observed value is closer to 1.0 than the true value
selection bias - in an experiment, unintended differences between the participants in
different groups
observation bias - Tendencies of observers to see what they expect to see
What are the types of observation bias? - Recall, interviewer, misclassification
What is non-differential misclassification? - when measurement error and any resulting
misclassification occur equally in all groups being compared
What is differential misclassification? - rate of misclassification differs in different study
groups
What is a confounding variable? - When a third variable that is association with both the
exposure and outcome distorts the finding
What are some ways to adjust for confounding? - randomization, restriction, matching,
standardization, stratification, conducting a multivariable analysis
What is effect modification? - When the magnitude of the effect of the exposure on the
outcome differs on the level of a third variable
Is there confounding/effect modification? Ex. When the OR or RR for both strata are close, but
the crude estimate is outside the range of the stratum estimates - Confounding only
Is there confounding/effect modification? Ex. When the OR or RR for both strata are significantly
different from each other, and the crude estimate is within the range of the stratum-specific
estimates. - Effect Modification only
Is there confounding/effect modification? Ex. When the OR or RR for both strata are significantly
different from each other, and the crude estimate is considerably outside the range of the
stratum-specific estimates. - Confounding and Effect Modification
What models are used to identify causation? - Koch's Postulates and Hill's Nine Criteria of
Causality
What are the three levels of prevention? - primary, secondary, tertiary
Evidence-Based Public Health Strategies Final
Assessment Questions 2025 | Full Verified Guide |
A+ Rated
What are the three measure of disease frequency? - Ratios, Proportions, and Rates
What is the difference between incidence and prevalence? - Incidence is the measure of
the number of new cases of a disease; Prevalence is the number of existing cases of a disease
during a given time period
What is the difference between endemic, epidemic, and pandemic? - Endemic is when
there is a consistent elevated rate of a certain disease, epidemic is an increase in the number of
cases above what is expected, and pandemic is a worldwide epidemic.
What are the two types of study designs? - descriptive and analytic
What are case studies/case reports? - studies used to alert people of a new disease or
new association with illness
What is a cross-sectional study? - studies that include people who are representative of a
given population (snapshot of time)
What is an ecological study? - - compare populations, not individuals
What is a case-control study? - observational study where 2 groups that have different
outcomes are compared to find a causal factor
What is a cohort study? - group of people who do not have outcome of interest are
followed and may develop the outcome of interest over time. For each possible risk factor, the
members of the cohort are classified as either exposed or unexposed. All the cohort members
are then followed over time and rates of outcome events are compared in the two exposure
groups
What is a randomized control trial? (RCT) - - uses a large number of subjects to test a
treatments effect and compare the results with a control group who didn't receive treatment
- randomization of subjects is essential
, What are systematic reviews and meta-analyses? - Studies that pool the results of
multiple independent studies with established criteria to identify the evidence for associations
Bias away from the null - observed effect is stronger than the true effect
Bias towards the null - observed value is closer to 1.0 than the true value
selection bias - in an experiment, unintended differences between the participants in
different groups
observation bias - Tendencies of observers to see what they expect to see
What are the types of observation bias? - Recall, interviewer, misclassification
What is non-differential misclassification? - when measurement error and any resulting
misclassification occur equally in all groups being compared
What is differential misclassification? - rate of misclassification differs in different study
groups
What is a confounding variable? - When a third variable that is association with both the
exposure and outcome distorts the finding
What are some ways to adjust for confounding? - randomization, restriction, matching,
standardization, stratification, conducting a multivariable analysis
What is effect modification? - When the magnitude of the effect of the exposure on the
outcome differs on the level of a third variable
Is there confounding/effect modification? Ex. When the OR or RR for both strata are close, but
the crude estimate is outside the range of the stratum estimates - Confounding only
Is there confounding/effect modification? Ex. When the OR or RR for both strata are significantly
different from each other, and the crude estimate is within the range of the stratum-specific
estimates. - Effect Modification only
Is there confounding/effect modification? Ex. When the OR or RR for both strata are significantly
different from each other, and the crude estimate is considerably outside the range of the
stratum-specific estimates. - Confounding and Effect Modification
What models are used to identify causation? - Koch's Postulates and Hill's Nine Criteria of
Causality
What are the three levels of prevention? - primary, secondary, tertiary
