CETP Anatomy Comprehensive Exam Study Guide
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Bronchi - Bronchi are tubes that extend from the lungs upward to the trachea. They are
composed of cartilagenous rings bound together by fibroelastic tissue. In the lungs, bronchi
subdivide into bronchioles.
Medulla oblongata - Fires impulses to the respiratory muscles when there is an excessive
amount of CO2 in the blood cells
Respiration - The exchange of gas between an organism and its environment; Inhalation
and exhalation create the rhythmic cycle of respiration
Inhalation - -Draws air into the lungs -As the lungs expand via the diaphragm and other
inspiratory muscles, the pressure within the lungs (relative to outside the lungs) is reduced, and
air moves into the lungs
Exhalation - -Muscles contract to reduce the volume of the chest cavity, creating a
positive pressure within the lungs and causing exhalation -Note: due to the elasticity of the
lungs, exhalation during regular rest breathing is passive
Speech breathing - -We inhale more deeply for longer utterances -The duration of
exhalation during speech tends to be longer than its duration during silent periods, as we speak
upon exhalation -Compared to quiet breathing, breathing for speech is more consciously
monitored and adjusted to meet the demands of speech in various daily situations
What is the basic energy source for speech? - Respiration (inhalation and exhalation)
Lung volume at rest - At rest, the lungs are partially inflated to approximately 40% of
their total capacity
Right lung vs left lung - The right lung is shorter, broader, and bigger than the left lung,
because the liver underneath it forces it into a slightly upward direction
Trachea - A tube formed by approximately 20 rings of cartilage (these rings of cartilage
are incomplete in the back, where the trachea comes into contact with the esophagus) The first
tracheal ring is larger than the rest and connects to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage
Spinal column - 32-33 individual vertebrae 7 cervical vertebrae (C1-C7) 12 thoracic
vertebrae (T1-T12) 5 lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5) - the largest vertebrae, important for weight
,bearing functions 5 saccral vertebrae (S1-S5) - fused in adults 3-4 coccygeal vertebrae (fused
and called the coccyx) The thoracic vertebrae provide points of attachement for the ribs
Sternum - -Also called the breastbone -Located on the anterior thoracic wall -Contains
the manubrium (point of attachment for the clavicle and first rib), body (ribs 2-7), and xiphoid
process
Rib cage - -consists of 12 pairs of ribs that form a cylindrical structure -houses and
protects the hearts and lungs
Diaphragm - -Muscle of inspiration -Thick, dome-shaped muscle that separates the
abdomen from the thorax -Distends abdomen, enlarges vertical dimension of thorax, depresses
central tendon of diaphragm -Innervated by C3-C5
Serratus posterior superior - -Muscle of inspiration -Elevates rib cage -innervated by C7,
T1-T4
Levator costarum brevis - -Muscle of inspiration -Elevates rib cage -Innervated by T2-T12
Levator costarum longis - -Muscle of inspiration -Elevates rib cage -Innervated by T2-T12
External intercostals - -Muscles of inspiration -Elevates rib cage -Innervated by T2-T11
Sternocleidomastoid - -Accessory muscle of the neck; helps inspiration -elevates the
sternum and thus indirectly elevates the rib cage
Trapezius - -Controls the head and elongates the neck, thus indirectly influences
respiration
Pectoralis major - -Accessory muscle of inspiration -Increases transverse dimension of rib
cage through elevation of sternum -Innervated by C4-T1
Pectoralis Minor - -Accessory muscle of inspiration -Increases transverse dimension of rib
cage -Innervated by C4-T1
Serratus anterior - -Accessory muscle of inspiration -Elevates ribs 1-9 -Innervated by C5-
C7
Levator Scapulae - -Accessory muscle of inspiration -Elevates scapula, supports neck -
Innervated by C3-C5
Rhomboideus major - -stabilizes shoulder girdle for inspiration -innervated by C5
Rhomboideus minor - -stabilizes shoulder girdle for inspiration -innervated by C5
, Internal intercoastals - -Accessory muscles of expiration -Depresses ribs 1-11 -Innervated
by T2-T11
Innermost intercostal - -Accessory muscle of exhalation -Depresses ribs 1-11 -Innervated
by T2-T11
Transversus thoracis - -Accessory muscle of exhalation -Depresses ribs 2-6 -Innervated by
T2-T6
Subcostal muscle - -Accessory muscle of expiration -Depresses the thorax
Serratus posterior inferior - -Accessory muscles of expiration -When contracted, pull the
rib cage down and aid in exhalation
Latissimus dorsi - -Muscle of expiration -Stabilizes the abdominal wall for expiration -
Innervated by C6-C8
Rectus abdominis - -Muscle of expiration -Flexes vertebral column -innervated by T7-T12
Transversus abdominis - -Muscle of expiration -Compresses abdomen -Innervated by T7-
T12
Internal oblique abdominis - -Muscle of expiration -Compresses abdomen, flexes and
rotates trunk -Innervated by T7-T12
Quadratus Lumborum - -Muscle of expiration -Supports abdominal compression through
bilateral contraction, which fixes abdominal walls -Innervated by T12, L1-L4
Biological functions of larynx - 1) closure of trachea to avoid aspiration, 2) production of
cough to expel foreign substances, 3) closure of vocal folds to build up subglottic pressure
necessary for physical tasks such as excretion and lifting heavy items
Hyoid bone - -U-shaped -Larynx is suspended from it -Muscles of the tongue, and various
muscles of the mandible, skull, and larynx attach
Epiglottis - -Leaf like structure -during swallowing, epiglottis drops down to cover orifice
of the larynx
Thyroid cartilage - -forms the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx and protects the
larynx
Cricoid cartilage - -linked with the thyroid cartilage and arytenoid cartilages -completely
surrounds the trachea
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Bronchi - Bronchi are tubes that extend from the lungs upward to the trachea. They are
composed of cartilagenous rings bound together by fibroelastic tissue. In the lungs, bronchi
subdivide into bronchioles.
Medulla oblongata - Fires impulses to the respiratory muscles when there is an excessive
amount of CO2 in the blood cells
Respiration - The exchange of gas between an organism and its environment; Inhalation
and exhalation create the rhythmic cycle of respiration
Inhalation - -Draws air into the lungs -As the lungs expand via the diaphragm and other
inspiratory muscles, the pressure within the lungs (relative to outside the lungs) is reduced, and
air moves into the lungs
Exhalation - -Muscles contract to reduce the volume of the chest cavity, creating a
positive pressure within the lungs and causing exhalation -Note: due to the elasticity of the
lungs, exhalation during regular rest breathing is passive
Speech breathing - -We inhale more deeply for longer utterances -The duration of
exhalation during speech tends to be longer than its duration during silent periods, as we speak
upon exhalation -Compared to quiet breathing, breathing for speech is more consciously
monitored and adjusted to meet the demands of speech in various daily situations
What is the basic energy source for speech? - Respiration (inhalation and exhalation)
Lung volume at rest - At rest, the lungs are partially inflated to approximately 40% of
their total capacity
Right lung vs left lung - The right lung is shorter, broader, and bigger than the left lung,
because the liver underneath it forces it into a slightly upward direction
Trachea - A tube formed by approximately 20 rings of cartilage (these rings of cartilage
are incomplete in the back, where the trachea comes into contact with the esophagus) The first
tracheal ring is larger than the rest and connects to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage
Spinal column - 32-33 individual vertebrae 7 cervical vertebrae (C1-C7) 12 thoracic
vertebrae (T1-T12) 5 lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5) - the largest vertebrae, important for weight
,bearing functions 5 saccral vertebrae (S1-S5) - fused in adults 3-4 coccygeal vertebrae (fused
and called the coccyx) The thoracic vertebrae provide points of attachement for the ribs
Sternum - -Also called the breastbone -Located on the anterior thoracic wall -Contains
the manubrium (point of attachment for the clavicle and first rib), body (ribs 2-7), and xiphoid
process
Rib cage - -consists of 12 pairs of ribs that form a cylindrical structure -houses and
protects the hearts and lungs
Diaphragm - -Muscle of inspiration -Thick, dome-shaped muscle that separates the
abdomen from the thorax -Distends abdomen, enlarges vertical dimension of thorax, depresses
central tendon of diaphragm -Innervated by C3-C5
Serratus posterior superior - -Muscle of inspiration -Elevates rib cage -innervated by C7,
T1-T4
Levator costarum brevis - -Muscle of inspiration -Elevates rib cage -Innervated by T2-T12
Levator costarum longis - -Muscle of inspiration -Elevates rib cage -Innervated by T2-T12
External intercostals - -Muscles of inspiration -Elevates rib cage -Innervated by T2-T11
Sternocleidomastoid - -Accessory muscle of the neck; helps inspiration -elevates the
sternum and thus indirectly elevates the rib cage
Trapezius - -Controls the head and elongates the neck, thus indirectly influences
respiration
Pectoralis major - -Accessory muscle of inspiration -Increases transverse dimension of rib
cage through elevation of sternum -Innervated by C4-T1
Pectoralis Minor - -Accessory muscle of inspiration -Increases transverse dimension of rib
cage -Innervated by C4-T1
Serratus anterior - -Accessory muscle of inspiration -Elevates ribs 1-9 -Innervated by C5-
C7
Levator Scapulae - -Accessory muscle of inspiration -Elevates scapula, supports neck -
Innervated by C3-C5
Rhomboideus major - -stabilizes shoulder girdle for inspiration -innervated by C5
Rhomboideus minor - -stabilizes shoulder girdle for inspiration -innervated by C5
, Internal intercoastals - -Accessory muscles of expiration -Depresses ribs 1-11 -Innervated
by T2-T11
Innermost intercostal - -Accessory muscle of exhalation -Depresses ribs 1-11 -Innervated
by T2-T11
Transversus thoracis - -Accessory muscle of exhalation -Depresses ribs 2-6 -Innervated by
T2-T6
Subcostal muscle - -Accessory muscle of expiration -Depresses the thorax
Serratus posterior inferior - -Accessory muscles of expiration -When contracted, pull the
rib cage down and aid in exhalation
Latissimus dorsi - -Muscle of expiration -Stabilizes the abdominal wall for expiration -
Innervated by C6-C8
Rectus abdominis - -Muscle of expiration -Flexes vertebral column -innervated by T7-T12
Transversus abdominis - -Muscle of expiration -Compresses abdomen -Innervated by T7-
T12
Internal oblique abdominis - -Muscle of expiration -Compresses abdomen, flexes and
rotates trunk -Innervated by T7-T12
Quadratus Lumborum - -Muscle of expiration -Supports abdominal compression through
bilateral contraction, which fixes abdominal walls -Innervated by T12, L1-L4
Biological functions of larynx - 1) closure of trachea to avoid aspiration, 2) production of
cough to expel foreign substances, 3) closure of vocal folds to build up subglottic pressure
necessary for physical tasks such as excretion and lifting heavy items
Hyoid bone - -U-shaped -Larynx is suspended from it -Muscles of the tongue, and various
muscles of the mandible, skull, and larynx attach
Epiglottis - -Leaf like structure -during swallowing, epiglottis drops down to cover orifice
of the larynx
Thyroid cartilage - -forms the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx and protects the
larynx
Cricoid cartilage - -linked with the thyroid cartilage and arytenoid cartilages -completely
surrounds the trachea
