Original Test Bank For Anatomy and Physiology, 2nd Edition, by OpenStax | ALL CHAPTERS | 2025 Version | 100% VERIFIED| with RATIONALES

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,Contents
Chapter 1: An Introduction to the Human Body ...........................................................................3
Chapter 2: The Chemical Level of Organization .......................................................................... 16
Chapter 3: The Cellular Level of Organization ............................................................................ 28
Chapter 4: The Tissue Level of Organization............................................................................... 39
Chapter 5: The Integumentary System....................................................................................... 50
Chapter 6: Bone and Skeletal Tissue .......................................................................................... 61
Chapter 7: The Axial Skeleton ................................................................................................... 72
Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton ....................................................................................... 82
Chapter 9: Joints ....................................................................................................................... 93
Chapter 15: The Autonomic Nervous System ........................................................................... 103
Chapter 16: The Central Nervous System ................................................................................. 114
Chapter 17: The Endocrine System .......................................................................................... 121
Chapter 18: The Cardiovascular System: Blood ........................................................................ 128
Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: The Heart .................................................................. 138
Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: The Heart .................................................................. 147
Chapter 20: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation .................................... 157
Chapter 21: The Lymphatic and Immune System...................................................................... 166
Chapter 22: The Respiratory System ........................................................................................ 177
Chapter 23: The Digestive System ........................................................................................... 187
Chapter 24: Metabolism and Nutrition .................................................................................... 197
Chapter 25: The Urinary System .............................................................................................. 207
Chapter 26: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance .............................................................. 216
Chapter 27: The Reproductive System ..................................................................................... 223
Chapter 28: Development and Inheritance ..................................................................................... 232




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,Chapter 1: An Introduction to the Human Body


Question 1
Which of the following best exemplifies the relationship between structure and
function as emphasized in anatomical study?
A. The uniformity of organ placement across individuals
B. The flattened shape of red blood cells enhancing surface area for gas exchange
C. The location of the heart in the thoracic cavity for gravitational regulation
D. The ability of epithelial tissue to secrete enzymes due to its vascularity

✅ Correct Answer: B. The flattened shape of red blood cells enhancing
surface area for gas exchange

Rationale:
Structure and function are inseparably linked in anatomy and physiology. Red
blood cells (RBCs) are biconcave, increasing surface area-to-volume ratio, which
enhances oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange. This is a core example of how
morphology supports physiological function. Option D is incorrect because
epithelial tissue is avascular, not vascular.



Question 2
Which of the following levels of biological organization is immediately more
complex than a tissue?
A. Organ system
B. Organelle
C. Organ
D. Cell

✅ Correct Answer: C. Organ

Rationale:
The structural hierarchy proceeds as follows: chemical level → cell → tissue →
organ → organ system → organism. A tissue is composed of similar cells, while an
organ consists of two or more tissue types working together for a common
function, making it the next level of complexity after tissue.



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, Question 3
Which function of human life is best illustrated by a hormone-secreting cell
responding to blood glucose levels?
A. Metabolism
B. Responsiveness
C. Growth
D. Reproduction

✅ Correct Answer: B. Responsiveness

Rationale:
Responsiveness is the body's ability to detect and respond to changes in its internal
or external environment. In this case, the cell senses blood glucose and secretes
insulin accordingly. Although metabolism is involved downstream, the immediate
functional demonstration is responsiveness.



Question 4
Which of the following accurately describes a key difference between negative and
positive feedback mechanisms in homeostasis?
A. Positive feedback maintains homeostasis more effectively than negative
feedback
B. Negative feedback amplifies change, whereas positive feedback resists it
C. Positive feedback is inherently pathological
D. Negative feedback restores a variable to its set point, whereas positive feedback
reinforces the deviation

✅ Correct Answer: D. Negative feedback restores a variable to its set point,
whereas positive feedback reinforces the deviation

Rationale:
Negative feedback loops are regulatory mechanisms that return a variable to its
homeostatic set point (e.g., thermoregulation). Positive feedback, in contrast,
enhances or amplifies the original stimulus (e.g., oxytocin release during
childbirth), pushing the system further from equilibrium until a specific outcome is
achieved.




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