AP Biology Unit 1 Test

water - --polar molecule -polar colvalent bonds -oxygen end is partial negative and the hydrogens have a partially positive end -cohesive polar covalent bonds - --opposite ends of the molecule have opposite charges cohesion - --H bonding between H2O creates it (sticky) -allows for the movement of water against gravity -high surface tension -water moves up a tree by transpiration (helped by ____) adhesion - --H2O molecules form H bonds with other substances ~capillary action ~meniscus ~water climbs up fiber solvent - --water is the universal one -polar water molecules will surround the (+) and (-) ions causing the ions to separate and dissolve -dissolve solutes and create aqueous solutions hydrophilic - --some molecules have an affinity for water -polar and ionic molecules -ex: cotton, cellulose, paper hydrophobic - --some substances do not have an affinity for water -nonpolar and non ionic substances -ex: fat, glycerol, oils floats - --less dense when it is solid, water ______ -forms crystal lattice structure -important because oceans and lakes do not freeze solid ~insulates water below ~seasonal turnover of lakes specific heat - --the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g to change its temperature by 1C -water had high _____ due to H bonding -resists change in temp -moderates temp on earth AP AP evaporative cooling - --organisms use to regulate their temperature -ex: sweating -water evaporates through a surface, cooling occurs acidic - -If [H+][-OH] basic - -If [-OH][H+] pH scale - --how acidic or basic a solution is -pure water, only 1 molecule in every 554 million is dissociated -most biological fluids have 6-8 -each unit represents a 10-fold difference in H+ and -OH concentrations neutral - --If concentration of 2 ions is equal carbon - --all life mostly based on this element -important due to its electron configuration ~able to make 4 stable covalent bonds (tetra valence) ~very versatile -tetravalence allows them to be strung together in chains hydrocarbons - --combinations of C and H -nonpolar ~not soluble in water ~hydrophobic -stable -very little attraction between molecules -gas at room temp isomers - --molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures -different chemical properties -different biological functions structural isomers - --differ in covalent arrangement of atoms geometric isomers - --same covalent relationships by different spatial arrangements enantiomers - --isomers that are mirror images of each other -structural differences create important functional significance functional groups - --substitute other elements for hydrogen -parts of organic molecules that are involved in chemical reactions -give organic molecules distinctive properties -affect reactivity ~make hydrocarbons hydrophilic AP AP ~increase solubility in water macromolecules - --by joining carbon to other elements, we form the basis of life -smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules polymer - --a long molecule consisting of similar or identical building blocks -blocks known as monomers -joined through covalent bonds -dehydration synthesis synthesis - --joins monomers by "taking" H2O out -one monomer donates -OH -other monomer donates H+ -together these form H2O -requires energy and enzymes -condensation reaction digestion - --use H2O to breakdown polymers -reverse of dehydration synthesis -cleave off one monomer at a time -H2O is split into H+ and -OH -requires enzymes -releases energy -hydrolysis carbohydrates - --composed of C, H, O -function: energy, raw materials, energy storage, and structural storage -monomer: sugars sugars - --all have carbonyl group and multiple hydroxyl groups -location determines whether it is an aldehyde or ketone -most names end in -ose -classified by number of carbons -when in solution, 5C and 6C structures form rings monosaccarides - --simple one monomer sugars -ex: glucose disaccharides - --2 monomer sugars