Human Biology 101 Exam 1 Questions
and Answers
What is Atomic Number? - ANSWER-# of proteins in the nucleus of an element
What is Atomic Mass? - ANSWER-# of protons AND neutrons in an element
How many electrons can the inner shell hold? - ANSWER-2
How many electrons can the outer shell hold? - ANSWER-8
What are the types of Bonds? - ANSWER-Covalent (single, double, triple)
Ionic
Hydrogen
Explain Covalent Bonds - ANSWER-They SHARE electrons
Strongest bond
Molecules are held together by Covalent Bonds
Every atom gets to have its outer shell full
What is a Single Covalent Bond? - ANSWER-In each case, 1 pair of electrons is
shared
Weakest of the covalent bonds
CH4
What is a Double Covalent Bond? - ANSWER-Two pairs of electrons are shared
"fatty acids"
CO2
O2
What is a Triple Covalent Bond? - ANSWER-Three pairs of electrons are shared
Extremely stable
Difficult to break apart
N2
Explain Ionic Bonds - ANSWER-Involves the TRANSFER of electrons between
atoms
Middle Strength of the bonds
There is one too many or one too few electrons (giving/receiving)
Unequal P and E
THERE IS A NEG/POS CHARGE DUE TO THE TRANSFER THAT HOLDS THE
MOLECULES TOGETHER
Will dissolve in H2O
NaCl
, Why can Water dissolve so many compounds? - ANSWER-O is electronegative and
pulls its electrons away from the H atoms and closer to itself (unequal sharing)
This creates a polar molecule
Dipole -> seperation from partially pos side and partially neg side of an molecule
Explain Hydrogen Bonds - ANSWER-Weakest bond
Special Properties:
1. High Heat Capacity
2. High Heat Vaporization
3. Modest Viscosity
4. Superior ability as a Dissolving Agent
The pH scale... - ANSWER-Acid: Release a proton, H+, in water = HCl
i.e: beer, battery acid
Base: Release a hydroxyl, OH-, in water = NaOH
i.e.: household ammonia, baking soda
Four Major Molecules of Life
(see notes for details) - ANSWER-Carbohydrates
Protein
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
What are the major functions of Carbohydrates? - ANSWER-Fuel
Energy storage
Cell Structure
What is a polymer? - ANSWER-Monomers (such as amino acids) added together to
make polymer chain (such as proteins)
What are some examples of polymers? - ANSWER-Glycogen: polysaccharide, is the
storage form of carbohydrates in animals
Cellulose: structural polysaccharide found in plants
Starch: Storage polysaccharide found in plants
What is an example of a monosaccharide - ANSWER-Glucose (carb)
What is an example of a disaccharide - ANSWER-Sucrose
Made of glucose (blood sugar) and fructose (fruit sugar)
What are Lipids? - ANSWER-Water-insoluble molecules made of C, H, O
ESSENTIAL FOR LIFE:
-store long term energy
-protect vital organs
-form cell membranes
What are triglycerides? - ANSWER-They store energy
Backbone of the acid chain
and Answers
What is Atomic Number? - ANSWER-# of proteins in the nucleus of an element
What is Atomic Mass? - ANSWER-# of protons AND neutrons in an element
How many electrons can the inner shell hold? - ANSWER-2
How many electrons can the outer shell hold? - ANSWER-8
What are the types of Bonds? - ANSWER-Covalent (single, double, triple)
Ionic
Hydrogen
Explain Covalent Bonds - ANSWER-They SHARE electrons
Strongest bond
Molecules are held together by Covalent Bonds
Every atom gets to have its outer shell full
What is a Single Covalent Bond? - ANSWER-In each case, 1 pair of electrons is
shared
Weakest of the covalent bonds
CH4
What is a Double Covalent Bond? - ANSWER-Two pairs of electrons are shared
"fatty acids"
CO2
O2
What is a Triple Covalent Bond? - ANSWER-Three pairs of electrons are shared
Extremely stable
Difficult to break apart
N2
Explain Ionic Bonds - ANSWER-Involves the TRANSFER of electrons between
atoms
Middle Strength of the bonds
There is one too many or one too few electrons (giving/receiving)
Unequal P and E
THERE IS A NEG/POS CHARGE DUE TO THE TRANSFER THAT HOLDS THE
MOLECULES TOGETHER
Will dissolve in H2O
NaCl
, Why can Water dissolve so many compounds? - ANSWER-O is electronegative and
pulls its electrons away from the H atoms and closer to itself (unequal sharing)
This creates a polar molecule
Dipole -> seperation from partially pos side and partially neg side of an molecule
Explain Hydrogen Bonds - ANSWER-Weakest bond
Special Properties:
1. High Heat Capacity
2. High Heat Vaporization
3. Modest Viscosity
4. Superior ability as a Dissolving Agent
The pH scale... - ANSWER-Acid: Release a proton, H+, in water = HCl
i.e: beer, battery acid
Base: Release a hydroxyl, OH-, in water = NaOH
i.e.: household ammonia, baking soda
Four Major Molecules of Life
(see notes for details) - ANSWER-Carbohydrates
Protein
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
What are the major functions of Carbohydrates? - ANSWER-Fuel
Energy storage
Cell Structure
What is a polymer? - ANSWER-Monomers (such as amino acids) added together to
make polymer chain (such as proteins)
What are some examples of polymers? - ANSWER-Glycogen: polysaccharide, is the
storage form of carbohydrates in animals
Cellulose: structural polysaccharide found in plants
Starch: Storage polysaccharide found in plants
What is an example of a monosaccharide - ANSWER-Glucose (carb)
What is an example of a disaccharide - ANSWER-Sucrose
Made of glucose (blood sugar) and fructose (fruit sugar)
What are Lipids? - ANSWER-Water-insoluble molecules made of C, H, O
ESSENTIAL FOR LIFE:
-store long term energy
-protect vital organs
-form cell membranes
What are triglycerides? - ANSWER-They store energy
Backbone of the acid chain
