Biology Renow
·
SEMESTER 2
,
UNIT 3
module 8 : Homeostasis
numeostasis-maintaining relatively constant internal environment presence changing external conditions
·
a in the of
· ex : body temp
many diseases involve disruption of normal homeostasis (diabetes, cancer, cV diseases dimentia depression; , , body sends signals
When not in balance
maintained by neg feedback loop Does Not involve keeping conditions static involves keeping cond .
Win tightly regulated
,
physiological tolerance limits
homeostasis : negative feedback loop positive feedback loop
Stimulus-deviation
·
a change in variable triggers a · a
change in a variable
from set point
--
·
set pt = particular valve response that counteracts that triggers a response that
- sensor ·
sensor : smth that detects change+ maintains homeostasis amplifies that change
counteracts Stimulus+ signals control center when the response opposes
> < response enhances
control center : processing center (or reduces) the stimulus
the stimuli
·
response (nervous system) , triggers a response < eX : thermostat of heater
- + L
does NOT help stay at
+ · effector = a cell (muscle or gland) that
effector+ control center homeostasis; important
performs the body's
response for
driving processes to
how animals maintain an Internal temp completion
Thermoregulation -
win an acceptable range
3
.
MO-
regulator > ex : childbirth
2 kinds of animals :
· .....
-conform
O
..
a regulatorsgenerate ownheatInternallyxviverotherare or other ways (ex :
bas
ambient do
temp.
endother
my vs ectother
my evolutionary benefits of thermoreg.
endotherms-generate getting too hot-proteins
L
·
ectotherms gain ·
not can
heat internally most of heat from denature
regulation of temp external environment cold-not enough
.
· not
getting too
through metabolism, regulation of body thermal E for rxns such as metabolism
body response system, temp through behavior
.
costs have to put ATP into it
· -
(requires
(+behaviorally ex : amphibians
fish, fooda water
- mammals - birds ,
reptiles invertebrates
,
Regulation of Heat ExchangeIn Ectotherms
· heat transferred from object of high slow temp
processes regulate body temp In ectotherms (endotherms can do this too, Not
mutually exclusive)
·
4 .
radiation-heat transfer from warmer object to cooler one
ex:
absorbing heat from sun warming released
-evaporation-vaporization of water from surface (heat
> ex : sweat
from skin
evaporating cooling
sconduction-heat transfer btwn objects by
·
2 direct contact
ex : sitting warming ; sitting on cold concrete cooling
on warm rock , ,
" convection-heat transfer
through movit of air or liquid (not direct contact
eX cold breeze (fan) on not
day cooling (pushes heat away from body); blood moves heat from
body core to extrem.
:
,
Thermoregulatory Adaptations:
·
insulation-insulation in endotherms reduces How of heat btwn body + environment
eX : nalvo fat in mammals feathers on birds ,
evaporation-sweating and/or panting increases evaporation effect (cooling) in endotherms
·
ex: most mammals sweat some w/
, long for only have sweat glands on certain body parts (dogs on feet only) ,
birds + mammals
pant , pigs wallow wet mud
in
leading to evaporative cooling ,
birds poop on their legs
behavioral some animals exhibit behavioral responses to regulate temp sectotherms rely on this more but all do body It)
· -
seX:
seeking out shade In sun spraying water mud on oneself hudding together
, ,
circulatory circulation can control heat flow btwn interor/exterior of body , circulation can generate more heat
-
·
Vasodationwidening of bodvessehearSurfaceofbojenhancesheatse
human
thermoregulation human endocrine/nervous system : control animal responses
8
hypothalamus serves as thermostat
nerve cell in major systems coordinate
· 2 + control responses to stimuli
O
If hypothalamus detects blood temp becoming too ↓ maintain
homeostasis
warm shigher than set pt >
response : trigger blood ·
endocrine sustem-signaling molecules travel directly
Vessel dialation ;
sweating via blood various cells w/ receptors
affecting
hypothalamus detects blood temp. becoming globally
acts
·
If
too coollower than set pt) response : tager blood slower but
long-lasting
system-electrochemical signaling travels
vessel construction ; skeletal muscle
shivering
< nervous
to a specific location affecting neurons or muscle glands
,
specifically along dedicated routes cells
acts
faster but fleeting
,
, Signaling Molecules
-
endocrine system hormones < 2 types : hormone signaling molecules
:
·
releasedbycellsof endonesystemsells
leads to response In target cell
· cell
signaling
through signal transduction pathway
·
nervous system : neurotransmitters '
peptide hormones (amino acid based
actonothernevrosmusesgansapse
water soluble
· nervous system: neurohormones
cannot
travel through plasma membrane
bind to receptors In membrane of target
released nevrosecretory cells cell (can travel through bloodstream by binding to
3 travel in by
bloodstream < riggers signal transduction (second
carrier
protein
messengers , kinases etc.) ,
2
steroid hormones (lipids)
different effects
one hormone ,
· a singlehormone can create diff. responses In diff cells based on: lipidsolubleth plasma membrane to target
receptor int We It cell
the
the relay protein involved in the
.
signaling pathway bind to receptors in cytoplasm or inside nucl.
·
ex :epinephune (advenaline) elicits fight/flight response affects liver ? acts astranscription factor
cell , skeletal muscle cells, intestinal smooth mucle cells differently
< insulin
S
beta cells of insulin end.
pancrease secrete transport of
insulin into blood
glucose regulation glucose into
body cells
2 diff hormones both produced
1
Controlled by
· in pancreas (a multi-part gland that secretes
.
stimulates the
digestive enzymes into ducts) liver to store
beta cells make insulin alpha cells make glucagon Jairectly into blood)
, glucose as
Insulin a peptide hormone secreted by beta cells
- -
keeps blood glucose from - glyzogen
blood alucose ↓
rising too high levels rise blood glucose
after eating levels fall
glucose ↓
-
normal blood
Type I diabetes Type # diabetes >
·
luss of insulin-producing · cells resist influence of insulin S
beat cells (autoimmune or vival) dont uptake glucose
-
blood glucose blood glucose
·
insulin shots required + &
pancreas overproduces insulin levels rise levels decrease
7 after fasting
- becomes desenstized
dlet must be monitored
·
body eventually stops making 2
insulin
glucagon promotes alpha cells of pancre.
·
dief change weight loss exercise breakdown of glycogen secrete the hormone
,
can reverse (but may be
genetic In liver- then release of
glucose into blood-
glucagon into
body
·7th most common cause of death glucagon
In theVS
module 9 : Exchange & Transport in Animals + plants
·
exchange process w/in environment
exchange processes btwn organisms -
environment often occur passively (or actively) through diffusion. Doesn't require
energy input
substances move from high slow concent. by passive diffusion until they reach equilibrium (ex : O2 diffusing into cell
! slow process : how we maximize
-
shorten diffusion distance
Steeper concent. gradient
-
increaseIn sa/root hairs of plants villi
(projections) that line intestine of vertebrates
-
,
metabolism -
bioenergetics
basal metabolic rate-amt of energy an animal in a Unit Of time (basal level to
stay alive) This is the rate when you aren't
·
.
exercising or stressed out (more active faster =
metabolism)
rivalent se
anetothemrequiresmuchless energy than doesahendotherm ofthe c
e
same class due to a
higher surface : volume ration
/hummingbird us hawk,
lower metabolic
hummingbird loses heat faster)
endotherms size
sectotherms have much rate than of comparable
·
dehydration synthesis =
builds up molecules a
chemoheterotrophs organisms -
that depend on organic chemicals to generate energy ATP requires ATP
theyderive their carbon requirements from organic compounds In their environment (food)
L
·
⑨
hydrolysis-breaks down
·
we are chemoheterotrophs large molecules to release E
Animal of food
Digestive system : 4 stages processing 2 types of digestion
Ingestionthe act of or
eating feeding mechanical digestion-breaks
O -
&
digestion when food is broken down into small molecules (mechanical chemical
-
foodInto smaller pieces , increasing SA
·
absorption (transport) when cells take up small molecules (and
-
exposes surfaces to chemical digestion
deliver to
body cells) seX: chewing
grinding, ,
stomach
·
elimination-passing of undigested material out of the digestive system churning , peristalsis In Intestines
~
chemical digestion-cleaves large
Adaptions for ingestion (basic way to ingest) molecules into smaller molecules (protein
substrate feeding-live In or on their food source
iidfeeding-suckfinumentsfrom no acids) using enzymes Cenzymatic
samino
suspension feeding filter capture or trap food
hydrolysis)
-
most , existomach acid, saliva enzymes
·
SEMESTER 2
,
UNIT 3
module 8 : Homeostasis
numeostasis-maintaining relatively constant internal environment presence changing external conditions
·
a in the of
· ex : body temp
many diseases involve disruption of normal homeostasis (diabetes, cancer, cV diseases dimentia depression; , , body sends signals
When not in balance
maintained by neg feedback loop Does Not involve keeping conditions static involves keeping cond .
Win tightly regulated
,
physiological tolerance limits
homeostasis : negative feedback loop positive feedback loop
Stimulus-deviation
·
a change in variable triggers a · a
change in a variable
from set point
--
·
set pt = particular valve response that counteracts that triggers a response that
- sensor ·
sensor : smth that detects change+ maintains homeostasis amplifies that change
counteracts Stimulus+ signals control center when the response opposes
> < response enhances
control center : processing center (or reduces) the stimulus
the stimuli
·
response (nervous system) , triggers a response < eX : thermostat of heater
- + L
does NOT help stay at
+ · effector = a cell (muscle or gland) that
effector+ control center homeostasis; important
performs the body's
response for
driving processes to
how animals maintain an Internal temp completion
Thermoregulation -
win an acceptable range
3
.
MO-
regulator > ex : childbirth
2 kinds of animals :
· .....
-conform
O
..
a regulatorsgenerate ownheatInternallyxviverotherare or other ways (ex :
bas
ambient do
temp.
endother
my vs ectother
my evolutionary benefits of thermoreg.
endotherms-generate getting too hot-proteins
L
·
ectotherms gain ·
not can
heat internally most of heat from denature
regulation of temp external environment cold-not enough
.
· not
getting too
through metabolism, regulation of body thermal E for rxns such as metabolism
body response system, temp through behavior
.
costs have to put ATP into it
· -
(requires
(+behaviorally ex : amphibians
fish, fooda water
- mammals - birds ,
reptiles invertebrates
,
Regulation of Heat ExchangeIn Ectotherms
· heat transferred from object of high slow temp
processes regulate body temp In ectotherms (endotherms can do this too, Not
mutually exclusive)
·
4 .
radiation-heat transfer from warmer object to cooler one
ex:
absorbing heat from sun warming released
-evaporation-vaporization of water from surface (heat
> ex : sweat
from skin
evaporating cooling
sconduction-heat transfer btwn objects by
·
2 direct contact
ex : sitting warming ; sitting on cold concrete cooling
on warm rock , ,
" convection-heat transfer
through movit of air or liquid (not direct contact
eX cold breeze (fan) on not
day cooling (pushes heat away from body); blood moves heat from
body core to extrem.
:
,
Thermoregulatory Adaptations:
·
insulation-insulation in endotherms reduces How of heat btwn body + environment
eX : nalvo fat in mammals feathers on birds ,
evaporation-sweating and/or panting increases evaporation effect (cooling) in endotherms
·
ex: most mammals sweat some w/
, long for only have sweat glands on certain body parts (dogs on feet only) ,
birds + mammals
pant , pigs wallow wet mud
in
leading to evaporative cooling ,
birds poop on their legs
behavioral some animals exhibit behavioral responses to regulate temp sectotherms rely on this more but all do body It)
· -
seX:
seeking out shade In sun spraying water mud on oneself hudding together
, ,
circulatory circulation can control heat flow btwn interor/exterior of body , circulation can generate more heat
-
·
Vasodationwidening of bodvessehearSurfaceofbojenhancesheatse
human
thermoregulation human endocrine/nervous system : control animal responses
8
hypothalamus serves as thermostat
nerve cell in major systems coordinate
· 2 + control responses to stimuli
O
If hypothalamus detects blood temp becoming too ↓ maintain
homeostasis
warm shigher than set pt >
response : trigger blood ·
endocrine sustem-signaling molecules travel directly
Vessel dialation ;
sweating via blood various cells w/ receptors
affecting
hypothalamus detects blood temp. becoming globally
acts
·
If
too coollower than set pt) response : tager blood slower but
long-lasting
system-electrochemical signaling travels
vessel construction ; skeletal muscle
shivering
< nervous
to a specific location affecting neurons or muscle glands
,
specifically along dedicated routes cells
acts
faster but fleeting
,
, Signaling Molecules
-
endocrine system hormones < 2 types : hormone signaling molecules
:
·
releasedbycellsof endonesystemsells
leads to response In target cell
· cell
signaling
through signal transduction pathway
·
nervous system : neurotransmitters '
peptide hormones (amino acid based
actonothernevrosmusesgansapse
water soluble
· nervous system: neurohormones
cannot
travel through plasma membrane
bind to receptors In membrane of target
released nevrosecretory cells cell (can travel through bloodstream by binding to
3 travel in by
bloodstream < riggers signal transduction (second
carrier
protein
messengers , kinases etc.) ,
2
steroid hormones (lipids)
different effects
one hormone ,
· a singlehormone can create diff. responses In diff cells based on: lipidsolubleth plasma membrane to target
receptor int We It cell
the
the relay protein involved in the
.
signaling pathway bind to receptors in cytoplasm or inside nucl.
·
ex :epinephune (advenaline) elicits fight/flight response affects liver ? acts astranscription factor
cell , skeletal muscle cells, intestinal smooth mucle cells differently
< insulin
S
beta cells of insulin end.
pancrease secrete transport of
insulin into blood
glucose regulation glucose into
body cells
2 diff hormones both produced
1
Controlled by
· in pancreas (a multi-part gland that secretes
.
stimulates the
digestive enzymes into ducts) liver to store
beta cells make insulin alpha cells make glucagon Jairectly into blood)
, glucose as
Insulin a peptide hormone secreted by beta cells
- -
keeps blood glucose from - glyzogen
blood alucose ↓
rising too high levels rise blood glucose
after eating levels fall
glucose ↓
-
normal blood
Type I diabetes Type # diabetes >
·
luss of insulin-producing · cells resist influence of insulin S
beat cells (autoimmune or vival) dont uptake glucose
-
blood glucose blood glucose
·
insulin shots required + &
pancreas overproduces insulin levels rise levels decrease
7 after fasting
- becomes desenstized
dlet must be monitored
·
body eventually stops making 2
insulin
glucagon promotes alpha cells of pancre.
·
dief change weight loss exercise breakdown of glycogen secrete the hormone
,
can reverse (but may be
genetic In liver- then release of
glucose into blood-
glucagon into
body
·7th most common cause of death glucagon
In theVS
module 9 : Exchange & Transport in Animals + plants
·
exchange process w/in environment
exchange processes btwn organisms -
environment often occur passively (or actively) through diffusion. Doesn't require
energy input
substances move from high slow concent. by passive diffusion until they reach equilibrium (ex : O2 diffusing into cell
! slow process : how we maximize
-
shorten diffusion distance
Steeper concent. gradient
-
increaseIn sa/root hairs of plants villi
(projections) that line intestine of vertebrates
-
,
metabolism -
bioenergetics
basal metabolic rate-amt of energy an animal in a Unit Of time (basal level to
stay alive) This is the rate when you aren't
·
.
exercising or stressed out (more active faster =
metabolism)
rivalent se
anetothemrequiresmuchless energy than doesahendotherm ofthe c
e
same class due to a
higher surface : volume ration
/hummingbird us hawk,
lower metabolic
hummingbird loses heat faster)
endotherms size
sectotherms have much rate than of comparable
·
dehydration synthesis =
builds up molecules a
chemoheterotrophs organisms -
that depend on organic chemicals to generate energy ATP requires ATP
theyderive their carbon requirements from organic compounds In their environment (food)
L
·
⑨
hydrolysis-breaks down
·
we are chemoheterotrophs large molecules to release E
Animal of food
Digestive system : 4 stages processing 2 types of digestion
Ingestionthe act of or
eating feeding mechanical digestion-breaks
O -
&
digestion when food is broken down into small molecules (mechanical chemical
-
foodInto smaller pieces , increasing SA
·
absorption (transport) when cells take up small molecules (and
-
exposes surfaces to chemical digestion
deliver to
body cells) seX: chewing
grinding, ,
stomach
·
elimination-passing of undigested material out of the digestive system churning , peristalsis In Intestines
~
chemical digestion-cleaves large
Adaptions for ingestion (basic way to ingest) molecules into smaller molecules (protein
substrate feeding-live In or on their food source
iidfeeding-suckfinumentsfrom no acids) using enzymes Cenzymatic
samino
suspension feeding filter capture or trap food
hydrolysis)
-
most , existomach acid, saliva enzymes
