AP BIOLOGY UNIT 1 TEST QUESTIONS
WITH COMPLETE ANSWERS
protein structure - Answer--a polypeptide chain that has been folded, twisted and coiled
into unique shapes
-performed as soon as the polypeptide is formed by creating bonds between parts of the
chain
-the specific structure determines the function
primary structure - Answer--unique sequence of amino acids
-amino acid sequence determined by gene (DNA)
-slight change in amino acid sequence can affect protein's structure and its function
secondary structure - Answer--localized folding or pleating of parts of the protein chain
-result of H bonds between repeating structures of polypeptide
-weak bonds
-α helix and β pleated sheets
tertiary structure - Answer--whole molecule folding
-interactions between distant amino acids
-hydrophobic interactions
~cytoplasm is water-based
~nonpolar amino acids cluster away from water
-H bonds and ionic bonds
-disulfide bridges
~covalent bonds between sulfurs in sulfhydryls (S-H)
~anchors 3D shape
quaternary structure - Answer--more than one polypeptide chain bonded together
-only then does polypeptide become functional protein
-hydrophobic interactions
denaturation - Answer--although proteins fold as they are made, under certain
conditions, these proteins will not fold properly
-can be caused by heat, change in pH, change in solution, or salinity
-will be inactive
-some proteins will be able to regain their original structure by removing the elements
nucleic acid - Answer--function: genetic material
-stores information; genes, blueprint for building proteins
-transfers information; blueprint for new cells and next generation
-monomer: nucleotides
RNA - Answer--nucleic acid
, -single helix
-controls protein synthesis
DNA - Answer--nucleic acid
-double helix
-controls its own synthesis and protégé's as well as instructions for reproduction from
one generation to the next
nucleotides - Answer--made up of three parts
-nitrogen (C-N ring)
-pentose sugar (5C)
~ribose in RNA
~deoxyribose in DNA
-phosphate (PO₄) group
-two types: purines and pyrimidines
purines - Answer--double ring N base
-adenine (A) and guanine (G)
pyrimidines - Answer--single ring N base
-cytosine (C), thymine (T), uracil (U)
phosphodiester bond - Answer--new base added to sugar of previous base
-polymer grows in one direction
metabolism - Answer--the totality of an organism's chemical reactions
-each reaction will follow a pathway
-what manages the material being used and formed and the energy needed for the
changes
metabolic pathway - Answer--a specific molecule is altered resulting in a product (needs
enzymes in order to be changed)
isomers - Answer--molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures
-different chemical properties
-different biological functions
structural isomers - Answer--differ in covalent arrangement of atoms
geometric isomers - Answer--same covalent relationships by different spatial
arrangements
enantiomers - Answer--isomers that are mirror images of each other
-structural differences create important functional significance
functional groups - Answer--substitute other elements for hydrogen
WITH COMPLETE ANSWERS
protein structure - Answer--a polypeptide chain that has been folded, twisted and coiled
into unique shapes
-performed as soon as the polypeptide is formed by creating bonds between parts of the
chain
-the specific structure determines the function
primary structure - Answer--unique sequence of amino acids
-amino acid sequence determined by gene (DNA)
-slight change in amino acid sequence can affect protein's structure and its function
secondary structure - Answer--localized folding or pleating of parts of the protein chain
-result of H bonds between repeating structures of polypeptide
-weak bonds
-α helix and β pleated sheets
tertiary structure - Answer--whole molecule folding
-interactions between distant amino acids
-hydrophobic interactions
~cytoplasm is water-based
~nonpolar amino acids cluster away from water
-H bonds and ionic bonds
-disulfide bridges
~covalent bonds between sulfurs in sulfhydryls (S-H)
~anchors 3D shape
quaternary structure - Answer--more than one polypeptide chain bonded together
-only then does polypeptide become functional protein
-hydrophobic interactions
denaturation - Answer--although proteins fold as they are made, under certain
conditions, these proteins will not fold properly
-can be caused by heat, change in pH, change in solution, or salinity
-will be inactive
-some proteins will be able to regain their original structure by removing the elements
nucleic acid - Answer--function: genetic material
-stores information; genes, blueprint for building proteins
-transfers information; blueprint for new cells and next generation
-monomer: nucleotides
RNA - Answer--nucleic acid
, -single helix
-controls protein synthesis
DNA - Answer--nucleic acid
-double helix
-controls its own synthesis and protégé's as well as instructions for reproduction from
one generation to the next
nucleotides - Answer--made up of three parts
-nitrogen (C-N ring)
-pentose sugar (5C)
~ribose in RNA
~deoxyribose in DNA
-phosphate (PO₄) group
-two types: purines and pyrimidines
purines - Answer--double ring N base
-adenine (A) and guanine (G)
pyrimidines - Answer--single ring N base
-cytosine (C), thymine (T), uracil (U)
phosphodiester bond - Answer--new base added to sugar of previous base
-polymer grows in one direction
metabolism - Answer--the totality of an organism's chemical reactions
-each reaction will follow a pathway
-what manages the material being used and formed and the energy needed for the
changes
metabolic pathway - Answer--a specific molecule is altered resulting in a product (needs
enzymes in order to be changed)
isomers - Answer--molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures
-different chemical properties
-different biological functions
structural isomers - Answer--differ in covalent arrangement of atoms
geometric isomers - Answer--same covalent relationships by different spatial
arrangements
enantiomers - Answer--isomers that are mirror images of each other
-structural differences create important functional significance
functional groups - Answer--substitute other elements for hydrogen
