SolutionManualfor
v v
StatisticsforNursing
v v
Research A
v v
Workbookfor
v v
Evidence-Based
v
Practice 3rd Edition
v v v
SusanGroveDaisha
v v v
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded v v v v v v
EXERCISE
Identifying Levels v
1
v
ofMeasurement: Nominal,
v v v
v Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio v v v
The questions are in bold followed by answers.
v v v v v v v
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide a
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
rationale for your answer.
v v v v
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug
v v v v v v v v v v v v
categories were probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
drugs the subjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
usually on more than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The current
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
therapies are not measured at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since no drug
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
category can be considered more or less beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-1;
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
Grove & Gray, 2019).
v v v v
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
foryour answer.
v v v
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug for
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
thissample.
v v
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
sample?Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
v v v v v v v v v v
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement resulted in
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio- level
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove & Gray, 2017;
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
Knapp, 2017).
v v
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a v v v v v v v v v v v v
study:What category identifies your current income as an RN?
v v v v v v v v v v
a. Less than $50,000
v v v
b. $50,000 to 59,999
v v v
c. $60,000 to 69,999
v v v
d. $70,000 to 80,000
v v v
e. $80,000 or greater
v v v
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow the
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
v v v v v v v v v v v
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income catego- ries
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two open-ended
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
AG 1-1 v
,AG 1-2 v Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded v v v v v v
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since catego-ries
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
(d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark either (d)
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be changed to greater
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be rank ordered from the lowest
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove & Gray, 2019; Waltz et al.,
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
2017).
v
5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-item Likert scale
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated their symp- toms on a
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depression symptoms. The
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-item scale are considered to be at the interval
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz et al., 2017).
v v v v v v v v v v v
6. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores forthe
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
v v v v v v v v v v v
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS
v v v v v v v v v v v v
vscoresfor study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-level data as indicated in Questions
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
5, so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (Gray et al., 2017; Kim & Mallory, 2017).
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importance of
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
this result.
v v
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the greater
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of thesubjects were
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub- jects with
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increases, cardiac
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress, such as
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially thosein higher
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
v v v v v v v v v v v
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated with an
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole percent
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
(%).
v
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample included 15
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The number of cardiac patients not
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
treated for depression was 91 (106 – 15 = 91). The group percent is calculated by the
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
vfollowing formula: (group frequency ÷ total sample size) × 100%. For this study, (91 v v v v v v v v v v v v v
patients ÷ 106 sample size) × 100% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%. The final answer is
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
rounded to the nearest whole percent as directed in the question. You could have also
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
subtracted the 14% of patients treated with antidepressants from 100% and obtained the 86% who
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
were not treated with an antidepressant.
v v v v v v
9. What was the purpose of the 6-minute walk test (6MWT)? Would the 6MWT be useful in
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
clinical practice?
v v
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, ―The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
submaximal, steady-state functional capacity‖ of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
way to determine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
status score could be used to determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain functional
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
statusof cardiac patients.
v v v v
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
v v v v v v AG 1-3 v
10. How was exercise confidence measured in this study? What was the level of measurementfor
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
the exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer. Answer:
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
Exercise confidence of the patients with heart failure (HF) in this study was measuredwith the
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
Exercise Confidence Scale that included four subscales focused on walking, climbing,lifting
v v v v v v v v v v v v
objects of graded weight, and running (see the study narrative). This was a rating scalewith
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
values ranging from 0 to 100. The patients’ scores for the Total Exercise Confidence scaleand the
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
subscales were considered interval-level data and analyzed with parametric statistics,such as
v v v v v v v v v v v v
means and SDs(see the study narrative; Waltz et al., 2017).
v v v v v v v v v v v
v v
StatisticsforNursing
v v
Research A
v v
Workbookfor
v v
Evidence-Based
v
Practice 3rd Edition
v v v
SusanGroveDaisha
v v v
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded v v v v v v
EXERCISE
Identifying Levels v
1
v
ofMeasurement: Nominal,
v v v
v Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio v v v
The questions are in bold followed by answers.
v v v v v v v
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide a
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
rationale for your answer.
v v v v
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug
v v v v v v v v v v v v
categories were probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
drugs the subjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
usually on more than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The current
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
therapies are not measured at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since no drug
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
category can be considered more or less beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-1;
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
Grove & Gray, 2019).
v v v v
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
foryour answer.
v v v
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug for
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
thissample.
v v
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
sample?Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
v v v v v v v v v v
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement resulted in
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio- level
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove & Gray, 2017;
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
Knapp, 2017).
v v
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a v v v v v v v v v v v v
study:What category identifies your current income as an RN?
v v v v v v v v v v
a. Less than $50,000
v v v
b. $50,000 to 59,999
v v v
c. $60,000 to 69,999
v v v
d. $70,000 to 80,000
v v v
e. $80,000 or greater
v v v
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow the
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
v v v v v v v v v v v
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income catego- ries
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two open-ended
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
AG 1-1 v
,AG 1-2 v Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded v v v v v v
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since catego-ries
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
(d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark either (d)
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be changed to greater
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be rank ordered from the lowest
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove & Gray, 2019; Waltz et al.,
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
2017).
v
5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-item Likert scale
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated their symp- toms on a
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depression symptoms. The
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-item scale are considered to be at the interval
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz et al., 2017).
v v v v v v v v v v v
6. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores forthe
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
v v v v v v v v v v v
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS
v v v v v v v v v v v v
vscoresfor study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-level data as indicated in Questions
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
5, so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (Gray et al., 2017; Kim & Mallory, 2017).
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importance of
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
this result.
v v
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the greater
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of thesubjects were
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub- jects with
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increases, cardiac
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress, such as
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially thosein higher
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
v v v v v v v v v v v
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated with an
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole percent
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
(%).
v
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample included 15
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The number of cardiac patients not
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
treated for depression was 91 (106 – 15 = 91). The group percent is calculated by the
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
vfollowing formula: (group frequency ÷ total sample size) × 100%. For this study, (91 v v v v v v v v v v v v v
patients ÷ 106 sample size) × 100% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%. The final answer is
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
rounded to the nearest whole percent as directed in the question. You could have also
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
subtracted the 14% of patients treated with antidepressants from 100% and obtained the 86% who
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
were not treated with an antidepressant.
v v v v v v
9. What was the purpose of the 6-minute walk test (6MWT)? Would the 6MWT be useful in
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
clinical practice?
v v
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, ―The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
submaximal, steady-state functional capacity‖ of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
way to determine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
status score could be used to determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain functional
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
statusof cardiac patients.
v v v v
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
v v v v v v AG 1-3 v
10. How was exercise confidence measured in this study? What was the level of measurementfor
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
the exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer. Answer:
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
Exercise confidence of the patients with heart failure (HF) in this study was measuredwith the
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
Exercise Confidence Scale that included four subscales focused on walking, climbing,lifting
v v v v v v v v v v v v
objects of graded weight, and running (see the study narrative). This was a rating scalewith
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
values ranging from 0 to 100. The patients’ scores for the Total Exercise Confidence scaleand the
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
subscales were considered interval-level data and analyzed with parametric statistics,such as
v v v v v v v v v v v v
means and SDs(see the study narrative; Waltz et al., 2017).
v v v v v v v v v v v
