Axial Skeletal, Muscular and Nerves
Clinical Views
P
Axial Skeleton I eight swayback
scoliosis thoracicmainly S mostcommon Fsm
Spinal Curvatures
1. Kyphosis: is an exaggerated thoracic curvature that is directed
posteriorly, producing a “hunchback” look.
Results from:
1. Osteoporosis
2. A vertebral compression fracture that affects the
anterior region of the vertebral column.
3. Osteomalacia (adult bones become demineralized).
4. Heavy weightlifting during adolescence
5. Abnormal vertebral growth
6. Chronic contractions in muscles that insert the vertebrae.
2. Lordosis: an exaggerated lumbar curvature, “swayback” that is
noted as a protrusion of the abdomen and buttocks.
Results from:
1. Added abdominal weight associated with pregnancy or obesity.
2. Osteoporosis
3. A vertebral compression fracture that affects the anterior region
of the vertebral column.
4. Osteomalacia (adult bones become demineralized).
5. Heavy weightlifting during adolescence
6. Abnormal vertebral growth
7. Chronic contractions in muscles that insert the vertebrae.
3. Scoliosis: is an abnormal lateral curvature
- is the most common spinal curvature deformity
- Most frequent in the thoracic region
- More often in adults females than males
Results from:
1. During development when both the vertebral arch and
body fail to form, or form incompletely, on one side of
the vertebra.
2. Unilateral muscular paralysis or spasms in the back.
Treatment:
, - Treated in adolescence by wearing a back brace.
- More severe cases may require surgical intervention.
Vertebral Fractures: Cervical Vertebrae
- Blows to the head or sudden flexion and extension of the neck can crush
bodies or arches of vertebrae or cause dislocation (one vert. slips relative
to the one below).
- Whiplash: related to rear end car accidents, which cause hyperextension
of the neck and can result in fractures of vertebral bodies.
- Cervical dislocations can also result from a whiplash and is characterized
by injury to muscles and ligaments and potential injury to the spinal cord.
annulus fibrous
Herniated Discs MY gpulps.isprotrudes
- Occurs when the gelatinous nucleus pulposus protrudes into or through the
anulus fibrosus. Producing a “bulging” of the disc posterolaterally into the
vertebral canal and pinches the spinal and/or nerves of the spinal cord.
- Cervical and lumbar intervertebral discs are the most
common to be injured.
- Cervical herniated discs can cause neck pain and pain
down the upper limb, as the nerve that supplies the
upper limb originates here. Muscle weakness in the
upper limb can also occur.
- Lumbar herniated discs cause low back pain. If the
disc starts to pinch nerve fibers, the patient may feel
pain down the entire lower limb, known as sciatica.
Treatment:
- Include “wait-and-see” if the discs heal on their
own.
- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). remove hexisted
- If these treatments fail, surgical treatments include microdiscectomy, the
herniated portion of the disc is removed.
- Discectomy artificial discs
- Artificial discs made of synthetic material to replace herniated discs.
narrowing of vent canal r intervert foramena
Spinal Stenosis
- Abnormal narrowing of the vertebral canal or intervertebral foramina.
- Caused by hypertrophy of the vertebral bone.
- Common in middle aged and older populations.
- Compresses spinal nerves causing low back pain and muscle weakness.
, ossif Is Issification center to fus
Sternal Foramen
- 4-10% of all adults have this in the body of the sternum.
- Represents an ossification anomaly - failure of the left and
right ossification center to fuse completely.
- Sometimes it is misidentified as a bullet wound.
Variations in Rib Development
● Cervical rib: when the costal element of the C7 elongates
o
and forms a rudimentary cervical rib.
repeat rib Ct elongates
○ May compress on the artery and nerves extending to the upper limb,
producing tingling or pain. Usually removed surgically if symptoms exits
persist.
● Extra pair of ribs: less common and may form from the costal elements of
L1. Tend to be asymptomatic. extra rib asymptomatic
● Lack of 12th rib: costal elements from the T12 failed to elongate.
● Bifid ribs: the rib splits into 2 separate portions when it reaches the
sternum. Typically asymptomatic. If
Appendicular Skeleton
Pathologies of the foot d dd.us if
● Pes cavus (clawfoot): excessively high longitudinal arches.
wanna
○ Joints between the metatarsals and proximal phalanges are
overly extended.
○ Joints between the different phalanges are bent so that they
appear clawed.
● Talipes equinovarus (congenital clubfoot): is a foot deformity
of inversion
typically when there isn’t enough room in the womb.
solestwistedmedially ○ Feet are permanently inverted (soles are twisted medially) and
nkiesplantarflexed the ankles are plantar flexed (soles are twisted more
f
solestwistedposteriorly posteriorly).
a
● Pes Planus: occurs when the medial longitudinal arch is flattened so
that the entire sole touches the ground.
pes planus flat foot
○ Caused by excessive weight, postural abnormalities, or
weakened supporting tissue.
d Sdanus
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Clinical Views
P
Axial Skeleton I eight swayback
scoliosis thoracicmainly S mostcommon Fsm
Spinal Curvatures
1. Kyphosis: is an exaggerated thoracic curvature that is directed
posteriorly, producing a “hunchback” look.
Results from:
1. Osteoporosis
2. A vertebral compression fracture that affects the
anterior region of the vertebral column.
3. Osteomalacia (adult bones become demineralized).
4. Heavy weightlifting during adolescence
5. Abnormal vertebral growth
6. Chronic contractions in muscles that insert the vertebrae.
2. Lordosis: an exaggerated lumbar curvature, “swayback” that is
noted as a protrusion of the abdomen and buttocks.
Results from:
1. Added abdominal weight associated with pregnancy or obesity.
2. Osteoporosis
3. A vertebral compression fracture that affects the anterior region
of the vertebral column.
4. Osteomalacia (adult bones become demineralized).
5. Heavy weightlifting during adolescence
6. Abnormal vertebral growth
7. Chronic contractions in muscles that insert the vertebrae.
3. Scoliosis: is an abnormal lateral curvature
- is the most common spinal curvature deformity
- Most frequent in the thoracic region
- More often in adults females than males
Results from:
1. During development when both the vertebral arch and
body fail to form, or form incompletely, on one side of
the vertebra.
2. Unilateral muscular paralysis or spasms in the back.
Treatment:
, - Treated in adolescence by wearing a back brace.
- More severe cases may require surgical intervention.
Vertebral Fractures: Cervical Vertebrae
- Blows to the head or sudden flexion and extension of the neck can crush
bodies or arches of vertebrae or cause dislocation (one vert. slips relative
to the one below).
- Whiplash: related to rear end car accidents, which cause hyperextension
of the neck and can result in fractures of vertebral bodies.
- Cervical dislocations can also result from a whiplash and is characterized
by injury to muscles and ligaments and potential injury to the spinal cord.
annulus fibrous
Herniated Discs MY gpulps.isprotrudes
- Occurs when the gelatinous nucleus pulposus protrudes into or through the
anulus fibrosus. Producing a “bulging” of the disc posterolaterally into the
vertebral canal and pinches the spinal and/or nerves of the spinal cord.
- Cervical and lumbar intervertebral discs are the most
common to be injured.
- Cervical herniated discs can cause neck pain and pain
down the upper limb, as the nerve that supplies the
upper limb originates here. Muscle weakness in the
upper limb can also occur.
- Lumbar herniated discs cause low back pain. If the
disc starts to pinch nerve fibers, the patient may feel
pain down the entire lower limb, known as sciatica.
Treatment:
- Include “wait-and-see” if the discs heal on their
own.
- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). remove hexisted
- If these treatments fail, surgical treatments include microdiscectomy, the
herniated portion of the disc is removed.
- Discectomy artificial discs
- Artificial discs made of synthetic material to replace herniated discs.
narrowing of vent canal r intervert foramena
Spinal Stenosis
- Abnormal narrowing of the vertebral canal or intervertebral foramina.
- Caused by hypertrophy of the vertebral bone.
- Common in middle aged and older populations.
- Compresses spinal nerves causing low back pain and muscle weakness.
, ossif Is Issification center to fus
Sternal Foramen
- 4-10% of all adults have this in the body of the sternum.
- Represents an ossification anomaly - failure of the left and
right ossification center to fuse completely.
- Sometimes it is misidentified as a bullet wound.
Variations in Rib Development
● Cervical rib: when the costal element of the C7 elongates
o
and forms a rudimentary cervical rib.
repeat rib Ct elongates
○ May compress on the artery and nerves extending to the upper limb,
producing tingling or pain. Usually removed surgically if symptoms exits
persist.
● Extra pair of ribs: less common and may form from the costal elements of
L1. Tend to be asymptomatic. extra rib asymptomatic
● Lack of 12th rib: costal elements from the T12 failed to elongate.
● Bifid ribs: the rib splits into 2 separate portions when it reaches the
sternum. Typically asymptomatic. If
Appendicular Skeleton
Pathologies of the foot d dd.us if
● Pes cavus (clawfoot): excessively high longitudinal arches.
wanna
○ Joints between the metatarsals and proximal phalanges are
overly extended.
○ Joints between the different phalanges are bent so that they
appear clawed.
● Talipes equinovarus (congenital clubfoot): is a foot deformity
of inversion
typically when there isn’t enough room in the womb.
solestwistedmedially ○ Feet are permanently inverted (soles are twisted medially) and
nkiesplantarflexed the ankles are plantar flexed (soles are twisted more
f
solestwistedposteriorly posteriorly).
a
● Pes Planus: occurs when the medial longitudinal arch is flattened so
that the entire sole touches the ground.
pes planus flat foot
○ Caused by excessive weight, postural abnormalities, or
weakened supporting tissue.
d Sdanus
Ti
tdapop
nTEIdW
E
n
