I. Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics (10
Questions)
1. Which of the following best describes
pharmacokinetics?
A. What the body does to a drug
B. What the drug does to the body
C. The study of drug–drug interactions
D. The study of drug distribution only
o Answer: A
o Rationale: Pharmacokinetics examines the
processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism,
and excretion (ADME), defining “what the body
does to a drug.” (NCBI)
2. A drug administered intravenously has which
bioavailability?
A. 50%
B. 75%
C. 100%
D. Variable, depending on metabolism
o Answer: C
o Rationale: Intravenous administration bypasses
absorption barriers, resulting in 100%
bioavailability. (NCBI)
3. Which organ is primarily responsible for drug
metabolism?
A. Kidney
, B. Liver
C. Lung
D. Skin
o Answer: B
o Rationale: The liver, via cytochrome P450
enzymes, metabolizes most small‐molecule
drugs into more polar metabolites for excretion.
(StatPearls)
4. The term “first‐pass effect” refers to:
A. Renal elimination of drugs
B. Hepatic metabolism before systemic circulation
C. Initial receptor binding in target tissues
D. Distribution into adipose tissue
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Drugs absorbed orally pass through
the portal circulation and undergo extensive
hepatic metabolism before reaching systemic
circulation. (NCBI)
5. Which factor most influences the volume of
distribution?
A. Renal function
B. Protein binding
C. Drug pH
D. Gastric emptying time
o Answer: B
, o Rationale: Protein binding in plasma limits free
drug available for distribution, thereby affecting
the apparent volume of distribution. (Europe
PMC)
6. A lipophilic drug is most likely to undergo:
A. Renal excretion unchanged
B. Hepatic metabolism to a more polar form
C. Immediate biliary secretion
D. Minimal distribution beyond plasma
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Lipophilic compounds require
metabolic modification to become more polar for
renal excretion. (StatPearls)
7. Which route of administration avoids the first‐
pass effect?
A. Oral
B. Rectal
C. Sublingual
D. Gastrointestinal tube
o Answer: C
o Rationale: Sublingual drugs enter systemic
circulation directly via oral mucosa veins,
bypassing hepatic first‐pass metabolism. (NCBI)
8. Steady‐state plasma concentration is achieved
after approximately how many half‐lives?
A. 1–2
Questions)
1. Which of the following best describes
pharmacokinetics?
A. What the body does to a drug
B. What the drug does to the body
C. The study of drug–drug interactions
D. The study of drug distribution only
o Answer: A
o Rationale: Pharmacokinetics examines the
processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism,
and excretion (ADME), defining “what the body
does to a drug.” (NCBI)
2. A drug administered intravenously has which
bioavailability?
A. 50%
B. 75%
C. 100%
D. Variable, depending on metabolism
o Answer: C
o Rationale: Intravenous administration bypasses
absorption barriers, resulting in 100%
bioavailability. (NCBI)
3. Which organ is primarily responsible for drug
metabolism?
A. Kidney
, B. Liver
C. Lung
D. Skin
o Answer: B
o Rationale: The liver, via cytochrome P450
enzymes, metabolizes most small‐molecule
drugs into more polar metabolites for excretion.
(StatPearls)
4. The term “first‐pass effect” refers to:
A. Renal elimination of drugs
B. Hepatic metabolism before systemic circulation
C. Initial receptor binding in target tissues
D. Distribution into adipose tissue
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Drugs absorbed orally pass through
the portal circulation and undergo extensive
hepatic metabolism before reaching systemic
circulation. (NCBI)
5. Which factor most influences the volume of
distribution?
A. Renal function
B. Protein binding
C. Drug pH
D. Gastric emptying time
o Answer: B
, o Rationale: Protein binding in plasma limits free
drug available for distribution, thereby affecting
the apparent volume of distribution. (Europe
PMC)
6. A lipophilic drug is most likely to undergo:
A. Renal excretion unchanged
B. Hepatic metabolism to a more polar form
C. Immediate biliary secretion
D. Minimal distribution beyond plasma
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Lipophilic compounds require
metabolic modification to become more polar for
renal excretion. (StatPearls)
7. Which route of administration avoids the first‐
pass effect?
A. Oral
B. Rectal
C. Sublingual
D. Gastrointestinal tube
o Answer: C
o Rationale: Sublingual drugs enter systemic
circulation directly via oral mucosa veins,
bypassing hepatic first‐pass metabolism. (NCBI)
8. Steady‐state plasma concentration is achieved
after approximately how many half‐lives?
A. 1–2
