BIOS 252 UNIT 8 FINAL EXAM STUDY
GUIDE 2 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS
Chapter |10:
1. Muscle |properties |and |definitions
a. Electrical |excitability- |nerve |impulses
b. Contractibility- |ability |to |contract
c. Extensibility- |ability |to |stretch |without |damage
d. Elasticity- |ability |to |come |back |to |original |shape
2. Isometric |contraction |vs. |isotonic |contractions
a. Isometric- |muscle |has |tension |but |does |not |change |in |length |(holds
|book |straight |and |in |place |without |moving |it.)
b. Isotonic- |tension |is |constant, |muscle |length |changes**MUSCLES |DO |NOT
|GO |WIDE, |ONLY |SHORTEN |OR |LENGHTEN**
Chapter |11:
1. |Steps |in |skeletal |muscle |contraction
a. From |neuron |voltage |gated |channel |opens |up, | |calcium |comes |in |and
|triggers |the |movement |of |vesicles |carrying |the |ACTH |to |exocytose |the
|neuron |membrane | |the |neurotransmitter |ACTH |gets |released |into |the
|synaptic |cleft |and |lands |on |the |receptor |sites |on |the |muscle | |this |opens
|ligand-gated |sodium |channels |and |causes |the |muscle |to |move | |Because |the
|muscle |gets |excited, |the |T-tubules |are |also |attached |to |them |and |when |those
|get |excited |they |open |voltage |gated |channels |on |the |sarcoplasmic |reticulum
|that |holds |the |calciumThe |calcium |binds |to |the |troponin |exposing |the |actin
|sites |for |the |myosin |heads |to |get |attached. |ATP |helps |give |energy |for |the
|contraction |cycle |that |moves |the |myosin |heads, |attaches |and |detaches. |
2. Definitions:
a. Origin- |attachment |to |stationary |bone
b. Insertion- |the |attachment |to |the |movable |bone
c. Antagonist- | |relaxes, |stretches, |yields |to |action |of |prime |mover |
d. Agonist- |prime |mover
3. Identification |of |parts |of |lever |system
a. Effort- |movement
b. Load- |resistance |or |weight
c. Fulcrum- |joint
In |order |for |movement |to |happen, |effort |must |overcome |the |load
, i. Mechanical |advantage= |load |is |closer |to |fulcrum |than |effort
ii. Mechanical |disadvantage= |load |is |further |away |from |fulcrum
iii. 1st |class |(EFL) |think |head |moving |up, |E- |neck |muscle, |F-
|atlas/axis, |L- |load |of |head. |2
nd |class |(ELF) |think |tiptoe, |E-
|gastroconemic |muscle, |L- |weight, |F- |joint |in |toes. |3
rd |class |(FEL)
|think |lifting |arm, |F- |elbow |joint, |E- |bicep |muscle, |L |book |you |are
|holding. |
Chapter |12 |7:20
1. EPSP |vs. |IPSP |(neurotransmitter)
a. Excitatory |postsynaptic |potentials- |depolarizing |postsynaptic |potential
|causing |sodium |channels |to |open. |The |excitatory |neurotransmitter |type-
|acetylcholine
b. Inhibitory |postsynaptic |potentials- |hyperpolarizing |postsynaptic |potential-
|the |inhibitory |neurotransmitter- |GABA- |CHANNEL |OPENING |IS |CHLORIDE
|IN |OR |POTASSIUM |OUT
2. 11:35 |Graded |potentials |vs. |action |potentials |(location) |pg. |424
a. GP-happen |at |dendrites |and |cell |bodies.
b. AP-happens |at |trigger |zone |at |axon |hillock |
3. 14:25 |Neuroglial |cells |and |functions |(6 |kinds, |4 |CNS, |2 |PNS)
a. Astrocytes- |connects |neuron |to |blood |vessel, |helps |with |environment |and
|nourishment |also |mediate |(what |goes |in |or |out) |the |blood |brain |barrier |
b. Microglial- |acts |as |phagocytosis( |comes |from |white |blood |cells)
c. Oligodendrocytes- |makes |myelin |sheath, |can |not |regenerate. |
d. Ependymal- |make |spinal |fluid
e. Schwann- |makes |mylen, |able |to |regenerate |because |of |nurolemma
f. Satellite |supportive |structure. |
Chapter |13 |22:10
1. Internal |anatomy |of |spinal |cord |(which |types |of |neurons |go |through |them)
a. Anterior |horn- |descending |tracts |– |efferent- |motor |and |autonomic
b. Posterior |horn- |ascending |tracts- |afferent- |sensory
c. Lateral |horn- |interneuron |
2. Cervical |enlargement |(Part |of |body |the |nerves |supply) |– |upper |limbs, |both |sensory
|& |motor
3. Lumbar |enlargement |(Part |of |body |the |nerves |supply)- |lower |limbs, |both |sensory |&
|motor
4. Autonomic |nervous |system |(which |effector |to |they |control) |sympathetic |and
|parasympethic, |glands |and |smooth/cardiac |muscle
5. Ascending |tracts- |afferent- |sensory |vs. |Descending |tracts- |efferent- |motor
6. 34:35 |*Note: |reflexes |help |control |heart |rate, |digestion, |blood |pressure, |and |pupil
|size
GUIDE 2 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS
Chapter |10:
1. Muscle |properties |and |definitions
a. Electrical |excitability- |nerve |impulses
b. Contractibility- |ability |to |contract
c. Extensibility- |ability |to |stretch |without |damage
d. Elasticity- |ability |to |come |back |to |original |shape
2. Isometric |contraction |vs. |isotonic |contractions
a. Isometric- |muscle |has |tension |but |does |not |change |in |length |(holds
|book |straight |and |in |place |without |moving |it.)
b. Isotonic- |tension |is |constant, |muscle |length |changes**MUSCLES |DO |NOT
|GO |WIDE, |ONLY |SHORTEN |OR |LENGHTEN**
Chapter |11:
1. |Steps |in |skeletal |muscle |contraction
a. From |neuron |voltage |gated |channel |opens |up, | |calcium |comes |in |and
|triggers |the |movement |of |vesicles |carrying |the |ACTH |to |exocytose |the
|neuron |membrane | |the |neurotransmitter |ACTH |gets |released |into |the
|synaptic |cleft |and |lands |on |the |receptor |sites |on |the |muscle | |this |opens
|ligand-gated |sodium |channels |and |causes |the |muscle |to |move | |Because |the
|muscle |gets |excited, |the |T-tubules |are |also |attached |to |them |and |when |those
|get |excited |they |open |voltage |gated |channels |on |the |sarcoplasmic |reticulum
|that |holds |the |calciumThe |calcium |binds |to |the |troponin |exposing |the |actin
|sites |for |the |myosin |heads |to |get |attached. |ATP |helps |give |energy |for |the
|contraction |cycle |that |moves |the |myosin |heads, |attaches |and |detaches. |
2. Definitions:
a. Origin- |attachment |to |stationary |bone
b. Insertion- |the |attachment |to |the |movable |bone
c. Antagonist- | |relaxes, |stretches, |yields |to |action |of |prime |mover |
d. Agonist- |prime |mover
3. Identification |of |parts |of |lever |system
a. Effort- |movement
b. Load- |resistance |or |weight
c. Fulcrum- |joint
In |order |for |movement |to |happen, |effort |must |overcome |the |load
, i. Mechanical |advantage= |load |is |closer |to |fulcrum |than |effort
ii. Mechanical |disadvantage= |load |is |further |away |from |fulcrum
iii. 1st |class |(EFL) |think |head |moving |up, |E- |neck |muscle, |F-
|atlas/axis, |L- |load |of |head. |2
nd |class |(ELF) |think |tiptoe, |E-
|gastroconemic |muscle, |L- |weight, |F- |joint |in |toes. |3
rd |class |(FEL)
|think |lifting |arm, |F- |elbow |joint, |E- |bicep |muscle, |L |book |you |are
|holding. |
Chapter |12 |7:20
1. EPSP |vs. |IPSP |(neurotransmitter)
a. Excitatory |postsynaptic |potentials- |depolarizing |postsynaptic |potential
|causing |sodium |channels |to |open. |The |excitatory |neurotransmitter |type-
|acetylcholine
b. Inhibitory |postsynaptic |potentials- |hyperpolarizing |postsynaptic |potential-
|the |inhibitory |neurotransmitter- |GABA- |CHANNEL |OPENING |IS |CHLORIDE
|IN |OR |POTASSIUM |OUT
2. 11:35 |Graded |potentials |vs. |action |potentials |(location) |pg. |424
a. GP-happen |at |dendrites |and |cell |bodies.
b. AP-happens |at |trigger |zone |at |axon |hillock |
3. 14:25 |Neuroglial |cells |and |functions |(6 |kinds, |4 |CNS, |2 |PNS)
a. Astrocytes- |connects |neuron |to |blood |vessel, |helps |with |environment |and
|nourishment |also |mediate |(what |goes |in |or |out) |the |blood |brain |barrier |
b. Microglial- |acts |as |phagocytosis( |comes |from |white |blood |cells)
c. Oligodendrocytes- |makes |myelin |sheath, |can |not |regenerate. |
d. Ependymal- |make |spinal |fluid
e. Schwann- |makes |mylen, |able |to |regenerate |because |of |nurolemma
f. Satellite |supportive |structure. |
Chapter |13 |22:10
1. Internal |anatomy |of |spinal |cord |(which |types |of |neurons |go |through |them)
a. Anterior |horn- |descending |tracts |– |efferent- |motor |and |autonomic
b. Posterior |horn- |ascending |tracts- |afferent- |sensory
c. Lateral |horn- |interneuron |
2. Cervical |enlargement |(Part |of |body |the |nerves |supply) |– |upper |limbs, |both |sensory
|& |motor
3. Lumbar |enlargement |(Part |of |body |the |nerves |supply)- |lower |limbs, |both |sensory |&
|motor
4. Autonomic |nervous |system |(which |effector |to |they |control) |sympathetic |and
|parasympethic, |glands |and |smooth/cardiac |muscle
5. Ascending |tracts- |afferent- |sensory |vs. |Descending |tracts- |efferent- |motor
6. 34:35 |*Note: |reflexes |help |control |heart |rate, |digestion, |blood |pressure, |and |pupil
|size
