PEARSON - FOUNDATIONS OF READING
Guided or Supported Reading - ANS-A method by which an experienced reader provides
structure and purpose, and models strategies in order to move beginning readers towards
independence.
High Frequency Words - ANS-A small group of words (300-500) that account for a large
percentage of words in print and can be regular or irregular words. Often, they are referred to as
"sight words" since automatic recognition of these words is required for fluent reading.
Homograph - ANS-Words that are spelled the same but have different origins and meanings.
They may or may not be pronounced the same (e.g., can as in metal container or can as in able
to).
Immediate Intensive Intervention - ANS-Instruction that may include more time, more
opportunities for student practice, more teacher feedback, smaller group size, and different
materials. It is implemented as soon as assessment indicates that students are not making
adequate progress in reading.
Independent Reading Level - ANS-The level at which a reader can read text with 95% accuracy
(i.e., no more than one error per 20 words read). Independent reading level is relatively easy
text for the reader.
Independent-Instructional Reading Level Range - ANS-The reading range that spans
instructional and independent reading levels or level of text that a student can read with 90% to
95% or above accuracy.
Inference - ANS-Drawing meaning from a combination of clues in the text without explicit
reference to the text. "The sky was dark and cloudy so I took my umbrella." We can infer that it
might rain even though the text does not say that.
Informal Assessment - ANS-Does not follow prescribed rules for administration and scoring and
has not undergone technical scrutiny for reliability and validity. Teacher-made tests, end-of-unit
tests and running records are all examples of informal assessment.
Informational Text - ANS-Nonfiction books, also referred to as expository text, that contains
facts and information.
Invented Spelling - ANS-An attempt by beginning writers to spell a word when the standard
spelling is unknown, using whatever knowledge of sounds and visual patterns the writer has.
, Inversions - ANS-Reversal or "flipping" of letters either horizontally or vertically, i.e.: p-d, or b-d,
m-w, u-n. Not unusual for Emergent readers or writers.
Language Experience Approach - ANS-A method of teaching reading by using the reader's own
dictated language.
Language Structure - ANS-The organization of words (both spoken and written) into meaningful
segments (phrases or sentences) using conventions of grammar and syntax.
Letter Combinations - ANS-Also referred to as digraphs, a group of consecutive letters that
represents a particular sound(s) in the majority of words in which it appears (ai in maid, ch in
chair, ar in car).
Letter Recognition - ANS-The identification of individual letters by name and/or sounds in a
variety of contexts.
Letter-Sound Correspondence - ANS-Making a connection between individual letters and the
sounds they represent (graphophonics).
Linguistic Approach - ANS-A reading based on highly regular spelling patterns. Such as: Nat
the cat sat on the mat.
Literal Comprehension - ANS-Understanding of the basic facts that the student has read.
Main Idea - ANS-The central thought or message of a reading passage.
Miscue - ANS-Any substitution of a word in a text that a reader makes.
Miscue Analysis - ANS-An examination of reading errors or substitutions (miscues) as the basis
for determining the strengths and weaknesses of students' reading skills.
Modeled Reading - ANS-An experienced reader's oral reading of a text to aid students in
learning strategies, understanding intonation and expression, and the use of punctuation,
among other aspects of reading.
Modeling - ANS-Teacher overtly demonstrates a strategy, skill, or concept that students will be
learning.
Morpheme - ANS-The smallest meaningful unit of language.
Morphemic Analysis - ANS-An analysis of words formed by adding prefixes, suffixes, or other
meaningful word units to a base word.
Morphology - ANS-The system of meaningful parts from which words may be created.
Guided or Supported Reading - ANS-A method by which an experienced reader provides
structure and purpose, and models strategies in order to move beginning readers towards
independence.
High Frequency Words - ANS-A small group of words (300-500) that account for a large
percentage of words in print and can be regular or irregular words. Often, they are referred to as
"sight words" since automatic recognition of these words is required for fluent reading.
Homograph - ANS-Words that are spelled the same but have different origins and meanings.
They may or may not be pronounced the same (e.g., can as in metal container or can as in able
to).
Immediate Intensive Intervention - ANS-Instruction that may include more time, more
opportunities for student practice, more teacher feedback, smaller group size, and different
materials. It is implemented as soon as assessment indicates that students are not making
adequate progress in reading.
Independent Reading Level - ANS-The level at which a reader can read text with 95% accuracy
(i.e., no more than one error per 20 words read). Independent reading level is relatively easy
text for the reader.
Independent-Instructional Reading Level Range - ANS-The reading range that spans
instructional and independent reading levels or level of text that a student can read with 90% to
95% or above accuracy.
Inference - ANS-Drawing meaning from a combination of clues in the text without explicit
reference to the text. "The sky was dark and cloudy so I took my umbrella." We can infer that it
might rain even though the text does not say that.
Informal Assessment - ANS-Does not follow prescribed rules for administration and scoring and
has not undergone technical scrutiny for reliability and validity. Teacher-made tests, end-of-unit
tests and running records are all examples of informal assessment.
Informational Text - ANS-Nonfiction books, also referred to as expository text, that contains
facts and information.
Invented Spelling - ANS-An attempt by beginning writers to spell a word when the standard
spelling is unknown, using whatever knowledge of sounds and visual patterns the writer has.
, Inversions - ANS-Reversal or "flipping" of letters either horizontally or vertically, i.e.: p-d, or b-d,
m-w, u-n. Not unusual for Emergent readers or writers.
Language Experience Approach - ANS-A method of teaching reading by using the reader's own
dictated language.
Language Structure - ANS-The organization of words (both spoken and written) into meaningful
segments (phrases or sentences) using conventions of grammar and syntax.
Letter Combinations - ANS-Also referred to as digraphs, a group of consecutive letters that
represents a particular sound(s) in the majority of words in which it appears (ai in maid, ch in
chair, ar in car).
Letter Recognition - ANS-The identification of individual letters by name and/or sounds in a
variety of contexts.
Letter-Sound Correspondence - ANS-Making a connection between individual letters and the
sounds they represent (graphophonics).
Linguistic Approach - ANS-A reading based on highly regular spelling patterns. Such as: Nat
the cat sat on the mat.
Literal Comprehension - ANS-Understanding of the basic facts that the student has read.
Main Idea - ANS-The central thought or message of a reading passage.
Miscue - ANS-Any substitution of a word in a text that a reader makes.
Miscue Analysis - ANS-An examination of reading errors or substitutions (miscues) as the basis
for determining the strengths and weaknesses of students' reading skills.
Modeled Reading - ANS-An experienced reader's oral reading of a text to aid students in
learning strategies, understanding intonation and expression, and the use of punctuation,
among other aspects of reading.
Modeling - ANS-Teacher overtly demonstrates a strategy, skill, or concept that students will be
learning.
Morpheme - ANS-The smallest meaningful unit of language.
Morphemic Analysis - ANS-An analysis of words formed by adding prefixes, suffixes, or other
meaningful word units to a base word.
Morphology - ANS-The system of meaningful parts from which words may be created.
