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Samenvatting Lesnotities kwantitatieve methodes

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Les notities Kwantitatieve
methoden
Table des matières
Kenmerken kwantitatief onderzoek...................................................4
ONDERZOEKS- MODEL...............................................................4
DEDUCTIEVE BENADERING................................................................4
H VORMEN SAMEN ONDERZOEKSMODEL............................................5
ONDERZOEKS- MODEL VERTALEN NAAR ONDERZOEK...................5
WE STREVEN NAAR HOGE VALIDITEIT................................................5
WE STREVEN NAAR HOGE BETROUWBAARHEID..................................6
FOUTEN...........................................................................................6
INTERPRETATIEFOUTEN....................................................................7
1. DOOR BEPERKTE UITLEG......................................................................................... 7
2. DOOR MOEILIJKE WOORDEN....................................................................................7
3. DOOR ABSTRACTE WOORDEN.................................................................................7
4. DOOR ONTBREKEND TIJDSKADER............................................................................7
5. DOOR AANNAME IN DE VRAAG................................................................................8
6. DOOR EEN DUBBELE VRAAG...................................................................................8

VORMINGSFOUTEN...........................................................................8
1. DOOR GEBREK AAN INFORMATIE OM TE ANTWOORDEN.........................................8

2. DOOR GEBREK AAN HERINNERING.................................................8
RAPPORTERINGSFOUTEN..................................................................9
1. DOOR OVERLAP ANTWOORCATEGORIEN.................................................................9
2. DOOR GEBREK AAN PASSENDE ANTWOORDCATEGORIE..........................................9

OORDEELFOUTEN.............................................................................9
1. DOOR GEBREK WIL VAN PARTICIPANT OM ANTWOORD TE GEVEN...........................9

Survey....................................................................................10
Voordelen en Nadelen van een Survey.............................................11
Voordelen van een Survey......................................................................................... 11
Nadelen van een Survey........................................................................................... 11

Cross-sectionele vs. Longitudinale Surveys & Steekproeftrekking.....12
Face to face...................................................................................13
Telefonisch....................................................................................13
Post..............................................................................................14
Online...........................................................................................14

, Externe validiteit :.........................................................................14
Interne validiteit:...........................................................................15
Fout door non observatie................................................................15
Dekkingsfout.................................................................................16
Non contact fout............................................................................18
Onbekwaamheidshfout...................................................................19
Weigeringsfout..............................................................................20
Interne kwaliteit............................................................................22
Fout door satisfying.......................................................................24
Fout door sociale wenselijkheid......................................................24
Fout door administratieve fout bij ingave........................................25
Schalen in surveys...................................................................26
Gevalideerde schalen.....................................................................27
Waarom werken met gevalideerde schalen?.............................................................27
Waar vind je bestaande gevalideerde schalen?.........................................................28

STEEKPROEF- TREKKING...........................................................29
Willekeurige steekproef............................................................................................. 30
1. Enkelvoudige willekeurige steekproef....................................................................32
3. Gestratificeerde steekproef...................................................................................33
4. Systematische steekproef.....................................................................................36
5. Cluster steekproef................................................................................................. 36
6. Meertrapssteekproef............................................................................................. 37

SOORTEN NIET- WILLEKEURIGE STEEKPROEVEN................................38
1. Quota steekproef................................................................................................... 38
2. Gemaksteekproef.................................................................................................. 38
3. Sneeuwbalsteekproef............................................................................................ 39
4. Doelgerichte steekproef........................................................................................39

Soorten statistiek....................................................................40
Beschrijvende statistiek.................................................................40
2. Inferentiële Statistiek.................................................................40
Maten van centrale tendentie.........................................................41
Frequentie verdeling......................................................................43
Hypotehese toetsing................................................................................................. 44
1) Hypothese opstellen.............................................................................................. 45
2) Hypothese toetsen................................................................................................ 45

A) P waarde...................................................................................47
Sifgnificatie niveau.................................................................................................... 47

B) Effectgrootte.............................................................................49
1) Schaalconstructie.......................................................................50

, 2) Factoranalyse............................................................................52
Factoranalyse – 1. Rotatie.......................................................................................... 54
Factoranalyse – 2. Initiële verkenning........................................................................55
Factoranalyse – 3. Items verwijderen.........................................................................56
Factoranalyse – 4. Spiegelen van items.....................................................................56
Factoranalyse – hoeveel factoren?.............................................................................57

3) Betrouwbaarheidsanalyse..........................................................57
Laatste stap…aanmaken variabele...........................................................................58

Keuze analysetechniek.............................................................59
T-Test.............................................................................................62
Onafhankelijke T-Test......................................................................63
Normaalverdeling...................................................................................................... 63

Afhankelijke T-Test..........................................................................64
ANOVA...........................................................................................66
One-way independent ANOVA...................................................................................67
One-way repeated measures ANOVA.........................................................................69

EXPERIMENT...........................................................................70
CAUSALITEIT..................................................................................70
CONFOUNDER........................................................................................................... 71
CONFOUNDER vs. CONTROLE....................................................................................72
CONTROLE................................................................................................................. 72
MEDIATIE................................................................................................................... 72

MODERATIE....................................................................................73
MODERATIE VS MEDIATIE........................................................................................... 73

REVERSED CAUSALITY....................................................................73
VERSCHILLENDE SOORTEN EXPERIMENTEN MET SOORTEN CONDITIES
.....................................................................................................74
TRUE EXPERIMENT:.................................................................................................... 74
RANDOMISATIE.......................................................................................................... 74

QUASI- EN PRE-EXERIMENTELE DESIGNS..........................................79
QUASI-EXPERIMENTEEL............................................................................................. 80
VERSCHILLEN............................................................................................................ 83
VELDEXPERIMENT...................................................................................................... 83
KEUZE EXPERIMENT IS MEESTAL TRADE-OFF TUSSEN INTERNE EN EXTERNE
VALIDITEIT................................................................................................................. 84
HOGE INTERNE GELDIGHEID.....................................................................................84
BEDREIGING INTERNE GELDIGHEID...........................................................................84
HOGE EXTERNE GELDIGHEID.....................................................................................85

EEN EXPERIMENT UITVOEREN...................................................85
Lesnotities HOC 9 – Chi-kwadraat, Correlatie & Regressie..........86
1. Chi-kwadraat goodness-of-fit test................................................88

, Kenmerken kwantitatief onderzoek
- Het principe van objectiviteit: feitelijke uitspraken kunnen doen.

- Agregatie van numerieke gegevens: gegevens verzamelen, en basis
daarvan toepassen op een grotere groep.

- Deductief redeneren: van uit theorie vertrekken ipv observatie ( kwali
omgekeerd)


ONDERZOEKS- MODEL
DEDUCTIEVE BENADERING
Deductieve benadering= bestaande theorie

Theorie is een stelling hoe fenomeen gaat optreden

1) Om een theorie te zijn, falisifieerbaar bevestigd (in lijn met wat
theorie zegt) of niet bevestigd

2) generaliseerbaar: ( opgesteld voor specifieek probleem maar niet
enkel toepassbaar op dat topic.)

3) Streeft naar objectieve waarheid: harde feitelijke info om onderzoek
te kunnen doen. ( los van wat onderzoek als idee heeft). Objectieve
waarheid ( korreltije zout niet is absoluut)

4) Kritisch inzicht: geld dat nog steeds vandaag de dag?




Vb

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Intentie:

Hoe beinvloed het zien van roken in series--> de attitude van roken van
jongeren veranderen.

Onderzoeksprobleem roken in series:
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