PSY B30 FINAL TESTBANK Questions From Different Chapters With Absolute Correct Answers Rated A (Latest Updated Version) 2020

PSYB30 FINAL TESTBANK PSY B30 FINAL TESTBANK 1. Which term below best describes a state of tension within a person usually caused by a lack of something? A. Alpha press B. Motive C. Beta press D. Need Larsen - Chapter 11 #1 2. From a theoretical point of view, motives are like dispositions in that A. people differ from one another in terms of type and strength of motives. B. differences between people are measurable. C. differences in motives are associated with important life outcomes. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 11 #2 3. Motives satisfy needs with A. thoughts and fantasies. B. behaviors. C. thought, fantasies, and behaviors. D. None of these. Larsen - Chapter 11 #3 4. Motivational psychologists ask which of the following questions? A. What are people like? B. What do people want? C. What do people do? D. Why do people like what they like? Larsen - Chapter 11 #4 5. Which term best describes an internal state that arouses and directs behavior toward specific objects or goals? A. Need B. Desire C. Motive D. Press Larsen - Chapter 11 #5 6. Which of these psychologists was the first to develop a modern theory of motivation? A. Rogers B. Maslow C. Murray D. McClelland Larsen - Chapter 11 #6 7. Henry Murray assumed that needs varied A. over time. B. by situation. C. between people. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 11 #7 8. Henry Murray was a before turning to work on motivation. A. physician, embryologist, and biochemist B. lawyer C. entrepreneur D. priest Larsen - Chapter 11 #8 9. According to Murray, people might purposely increase tension A. only if they suffered from mental illness. B. because they wanted attention from others. C. because the process of reducing tension can be pleasurable. D. None of these. Larsen - Chapter 11 #9 10. The idea that people have different levels of different needs is know as A. the hierarchy of needs. B. press. C. motive constellations. D. the need tree. Larsen - Chapter 11 #10 11. Why do we think of motives as dynamic? A. Levels decrease with age. B. Gender differences have been found on some motives. C. Motives interact with one another within a person. D. Everyone has at least two motives. Larsen - Chapter 11 #11 12. Murray's list included needs. A. three B. five C. eight D. more than 10 Larsen - Chapter 11 #12 13. The act of interpreting the environment and perceiving the meaning of what is going on in a situation is termed A. integration. B. apperception. C. self-actualization. D. motivation. Larsen - Chapter 11 #13 14. An important feature of the Thematic Apperception Test is that it is A. highly reliable. B. popular among clinicians. C. ambiguous. D. easily scored. Larsen - Chapter 11 #14 15. Beta press refers to the A. objective features of the environment. B. subjective features of the environment. C. strength of a need. D. strength of a motive. Larsen - Chapter 11 #15 16. refers to the objective features of the environment. A. Alpha press B. Beta press C. A need D. A motive Larsen - Chapter 11 #16 17. The Thematic Apperception Test was developed by A. Freud. B. Rorchach. C. Maslow. D. Murray. Larsen - Chapter 11 #17 18. Murray developed the Thematic Apperception Test in the A. 1860s. B. 1950s. C. 1930s. D. 1970s. Larsen - Chapter 11 #18 19. (p. 336) The Thematic Apperception Test is a(n) A. self-report questionnaire. B. intelligence inventory. C. psychopathology index. D. projective test. Larsen - Chapter 11 #19 20. McClelland described two different types of motivation, A. internal motivation and external motivation. B. alpha press and beta press. C. implicit motivation and self-attributed motivation. D. conscious motivation and unconscious motivation. Larsen - Chapter 11 #20 21. Some researchers have criticized the Thematic Apperception Test because A. it has poor test-retest reliability. B. scores from different pictures do not correlate highly. C. it has poor internal reliability. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 11 #21 22. Spangler found that the was a better predictor of the long-term effects of motives and the was a better predictor of the short-term effects of motives. A. interview method; Thematic Apperception Test B. Thematic Apperception Test; interview method C. questionnaire method; Thematic Apperception Test D. Thematic Apperception Test; questionnaire method Larsen - Chapter 11 #22 23. The Multi-Motive Grid is A. a term used to describe the interconnected relationship between motives. B. a procedure used to access alpha press and beta press. C. a relatively new technique used to assess motives. D. the idea that our needs and motives influence apperception. Larsen - Chapter 11 #23 24. The name most associated with research on the need for achievement is A. McClelland. B. Winter. C. Maslow. D. McAdams. Larsen - Chapter 11 #24 25. People high in the need for achievement are very concerned with A. having impact. B. making money. C. doing things better. D. helping other people. Larsen - Chapter 11 #25 26. The "Big 3" motives are A. sex, aggression, and play. B. competence, sex, and aggression. C. self-esteem, self-expression, and reality. D. achievement, power, and intimacy. Larsen - Chapter 11 #26 27. People who score high on the need for achievement prefer tasks with a level of difficulty. A. low B. high C. moderate D. None of these; it all depends on the task Larsen - Chapter 11 #27 28. People who score high on the need for achievement A. prefer moderately challenging activities. B. enjoy tasks where they are personally responsible for outcomes. C. prefer tasks where feedback is available. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 11 #28 29. Men tend to score women on measures of the need for power. A. higher than B. lower than C. about the same as D. both higher and lower, depending on the measurement tool Larsen - Chapter 11 #29 30. People who score high on implicit measures of achievement motivation do especially well in A. business. B. relationships. C. college classes. D. None of these. Larsen - Chapter 11 #30 31. Men tend to have levels of achievement motivation compared to women. A. much higher B. slightly higher C. lower D. equal Larsen - Chapter 11 #31 32. Independence training is thought to increase A. need for power. B. need for achievement. C. need for intimacy. D. None of these. Larsen - Chapter 11 #32 33. The name most associated with research on the need for power is A. McClelland. B. Winter. C. Maslow. D. McAdams. Larsen - Chapter 11 #33 34. People high in the need for power are very concerned with A. making an impact on other people. B. making money. C. altruistic acts. D. a desire for relationships. Larsen - Chapter 11 #34 35. who score high on the need for power tend to be more impulsive and aggressive. A. People who score high on the need for achievement and B. Women C. Men D. Both men and women Larsen - Chapter 11 #35 36. Which of the following motives is associated with poor health when inhibited? A. Achievement B. Intimacy C. Power D. None of these Larsen - Chapter 11 #36 37. The name most associated with research on the need for intimacy is A. McClelland. B. Winter. C. Maslow. D. McAdams. Larsen - Chapter 11 #37 38. People who score high on the need for intimacy are very concerned with A. having impact. B. making money. C. a desire for relationships. D. a desire for understanding. Larsen - Chapter 11 #38 39. High levels of have been associated with having a satisfying job and family life. A. the need for intimacy B. the need for power C. the need for achievement D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 11 #39 40. People who score high on the need for intimacy tend to A. have a few close friends. B. have more friends than people who score low in the need for intimacy. C. be physically attractive. D. be extraverted too. Larsen - Chapter 11 #40 41. Women tend to score higher than men on measures of A. need for power. B. need for intimacy. C. need for achievement. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 11 #41 42. The humanistic tradition is most associated with the A. motive to self-actualize. B. need for power. C. need for intimacy. D. need for achievement. Larsen - Chapter 11 #42 43. Compared to the behaviorist tradition, the humanistic tradition places emphasis on free will. A. more B. less C. about the same D. more or less, depending on the particular humanistic theorist, Larsen - Chapter 11 #43 44. Compared to the psychoanalytic tradition, the humanistic tradition is more about human nature. A. confused B. optimistic C. pessimistic D. open minded Larsen - Chapter 11 #44 45. The humanist tradition emphasizes A. free will. B. personal responsibility. C. growth. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 11 #45 46. Which of the following is a growth motive? A. Power B. Achievement C. Intimacy D. Self-actualization Larsen - Chapter 11 #46 47. Using Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following correctly lists needs from weakest to strongest? A. Physiological, Esteem, Belongingness, Safety, Self-actualization B. Physiological, Safety, Belongingness, Esteem, Self-actualization C. Self-actualization, Esteem, Belongingness, Safety, Physiological D. Self-actualization, Safety, Belongingness, Esteem, Physiological Larsen - Chapter 11 #47 48. Examples of physiological needs are A. food and air. B. shelter and security. C. respect and achievement. D. love and acceptance. Larsen - Chapter 11 #48 49. Examples of safety needs are A. food and air. B. shelter and security. C. respect and achievement. D. love and acceptance. Larsen - Chapter 11 #49 50. Who theorized a "hierarchy of needs?" A. Rogers B. Maslow C. Winter D. McClelland Larsen - Chapter 11 #50 51. Maslow thought that needs are usually satisfied before people work on other needs. A. esteem B. physiological C. self-actualization D. safety Larsen - Chapter 11 #51 52. Needs at the of Maslow's hierarchy are the strongest. A. top B. bottom C. middle D. top and at the bottom Larsen - Chapter 11 #52 53. Loneliness is a sign that needs are not being satisfied. A. belongingness B. safety C. esteem D. self-actualization Larsen - Chapter 11 #53 54. Examples of esteem needs are A. food and air. B. shelter and security. C. respect and achievement. D. love and acceptance. Larsen - Chapter 11 #54 55. What term best describes a person becoming everything he or she is capable of being? A. Self-actualization B. Self-esteem C. The idiographic approach D. Positive regard Larsen - Chapter 11 #55 56. Maslow thought that about percent of people are working primarily on self- actualization needs. A. 1 B. 10 C. 25 D. 50 Larsen - Chapter 11 #56 57. A study described in the text suggests that, according to Maslow's hierarchy, people working on higher level needs compared to people working on more basic needs. A. are less happy B. are happier C. are no different in terms of happiness D. sleep more Larsen - Chapter 11 #57 58. Maslow conducted case studies on individuals A. in over a dozen countries. B. he knew personally. C. he believed to be self-actualizing or self-actualized. D. at each of the hierarchically organized levels. Larsen - Chapter 11 #58 59. Who developed client-centered therapy? A. Rogers B. Maslow C. Murray D. McClelland Larsen - Chapter 11 #59 60. Rogers believed that the natural human state was to be A. miserable. B. slightly unhappy. C. fully self-actualized. D. fully functioning. Larsen - Chapter 11 #60 61. A fully functioning person A. has met physiological and safety needs. B. has achieved self-actualization. C. is moving towards self-actualization. D. rejects experiences that are incongruent with that person's goals. Larsen - Chapter 11 #61 62. Rogers believed that have the potential to self-actualize. A. only those who undergo client-centered therapy B. very few people C. most people D. all people Larsen - Chapter 11 #62 63. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of self-actualizing people? A. They are spontaneous. B. They have an affinity for solitude. C. They are creative. D. They are well enculturated. Larsen - Chapter 11 #63 64. People who are self-actualizing are usually A. famous. B. wealthy. C. creative. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 11 #64 65. Rogers described the need to be loved and accepted by parents and others as the desire for A. conditions of worth. B. positive regard. C. intimacy. D. attachment. Larsen - Chapter 11 #65 66. A parent may withhold love from a child unless they earn good grades. Rogers would cite this as an example of A. bullying. B. positive regard. C. conditions of worth. D. low need for intimacy. Larsen - Chapter 11 #66 67. According to Rogers, people who experience many conditions of worth may A. deny their feelings. B. work for the approval of others. C. distort their shortcomings. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 11 #67 68. According to Rogers, good parents should A. give their children unconditional positive regard. B. set firm expectations for their children. C. try to self-actualize their child. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 11 #68 69. People who accept their weaknesses and shortcomings probably experience A. conditions of worth. B. unconditional positive self-regard. C. positive regard. D. conditional positive regard. Larsen - Chapter 11 #69 70. According to Rogers, anxiety is the result of A. positive regard. B. distorting one's experiences. C. experiences that do not fit with one's self-concept. D. conditions of worth. Larsen - Chapter 11 #70 71. In order to reduce your anxiety, Rogers would recommend that you A. change your self-concept. B. engage in distortion. C. use more empathy. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 11 #71 72. The term that best describes altering an experience to reduce threat is A. conditions of worth. B. distortion. C. anxiety. D. reflection. Larsen - Chapter 11 #72 73. Which of the following defense mechanisms did Rogers theorize? A. Reaction formation B. Sublimation C. Distortion D. Projection Larsen - Chapter 11 #73 74. By doing client-centered therapy, Rogers attempted to A. get a person back on the path to self-actualization. B. interpret a person's problems. C. solve a person's problems. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 11 #74 75. Which of the following are necessary conditions for client-centered therapy? A. Unconditional positive regard B. Genuine acceptance C. Empathic understanding D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 11 #75 76. Which of the following provides the best metaphor for client-centered therapy? A. A mirror B. A steamroller C. A puzzle D. A textbook Larsen - Chapter 11 #76 77. The term that best describes understanding a person from his or her point of view is A. positive regard. B. genuine acceptance. C. empathy. D. reflection. Larsen - Chapter 11 #77 78. Which of the following statements would you expect to hear from a client-centered therapist? A. It sounds like you are feeling angry. B. Your super-ego controls your actions. C. You must have experienced conditions of worth as a child. D. You need to stop denying and start self-actualizing. Larsen - Chapter 11 #78 79. Which of the following statements about empathy is supported by research? A. Empathy is moderately heritable. B. Empathy can be effectively taught. C. It is easier to teach empathy to women than to men. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 11 #79 80. Research suggests that people who score high on measures of empathy A. are better at giving positive regard. B. tend to be male. C. are more accurate in guessing what others are thinking and feeling. D. cannot improve their empathy skills with practice. Larsen - Chapter 11 #80 CHAPTER 12 1. Which of the following is NOT an important topic in the cognitive/experiential domain? A. Identifying the major traits of personality. B. People's subjective experience of self. C. Emotions. D. The ways people perceive their environment. Larsen - Chapter 12 #1 2. an important aspect of the self. A. The ways people evaluate their self-worth is B. Social roles are C. Identity is D. All of these Larsen - Chapter 12 #2 3. best tell us which things are important to people. A. Traits B. Emotions C. Self-esteem levels D. Perceptions Larsen - Chapter 12 #3 4. According to the Court, Amadou Diallo was shot by police officers A. because he perceived them as a threat. B. because he shot at them. C. because of cognitive errors in the officers' perception. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 12 #4 5. A person who relates a new event to past experiences is engaging in A. personalizing cognition. B. objectifying cognition. C. causal attribution. D. defensive pessimism. Larsen - Chapter 12 #5 6. A woman who states that skydiving reminds her of riding roller coasters is said to be engaging in A. personalizing cognition. B. objectifying cognition. C. attributional cognition. D. interpretation. Larsen - Chapter 12 #6 7. A person who recalls factual information in response to a new event is engaging in A. personalizing cognition. B. objectifying cognition. C. causal attribution. D. defensive pessimism. Larsen - Chapter 12 #7 8. A man who recalls that a cup of milk contains 130 calories when he pours a glass of milk is said to be engaging in A. personalizing cognition. B. objectifying cognition. C. attributional cognition. D. interpretation. Larsen - Chapter 12 #8 9. is a general term to refer to awareness, thinking, and other mental acts. A. Strategies B. Explanatory style C. Cognition D. Perception Larsen - Chapter 12 #9 10. describes the transformation of sensory information to mental representations, and the manipulation of those representations. A. Explanatory style B. Life tasks C. Interpretation D. Information processing Larsen - Chapter 12 #10 11. People who see a Necker Cube differently are showing differences in A. objectifying cognitions. B. personalizing cognitions. C. perception. D. learned helplessness. Larsen - Chapter 12 #11 12. The process of refers to making sense of or explaining events in the world. A. interpretation B. perception C. learned helplessness D. augmenting Larsen - Chapter 12 #12 13. Differences in responses to the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) are the result of differences in A. perception. B. learned helplessness. C. memory. D. interpretation. Larsen - Chapter 12 #13 14. People use to evaluate themselves. A. beliefs and desires B. perception C. interpretation D. personalizing cognition Larsen - Chapter 12 #14 15. Individual differences can be observed in all of these EXCEPT A. perception. B. interpretation. C. beliefs and desires. D. None of these. Larsen - Chapter 12 #15 16. Herman Witkin introduced the idea of A. defensive pessimism. B. field dependence versus field independence. C. learned helplessness. D. life tasks. Larsen - Chapter 12 #16 17. The Rod and Frame Test (RFT) has been used to assess A. defensive pessimism. B. field dependence versus field independence. C. learned helplessness. D. life tasks. Larsen - Chapter 12 #17 18. A person who "sees the trees rather than the forest" is said to be A. a defensive pessimist. B. field-dependent. C. field-independent. D. an optimist. Larsen - Chapter 12 #18 19. Field-dependent people A. pay more attention to visual cues than field-independent people. B. pay less attention to visual cues than field-independent people. C. do not differ from field-independent people with regard to using visual cues. D. are less successful than field-independent people. Larsen - Chapter 12 #19 20. measure(s) field dependence versus field dependence. A. The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) B. The Rod and Frame Test (RFT) C. The Embedded Figures Test (EFT) D. Both the Rod and Frame Test (RFT) and the Embedded Figures Test (EFT) Larsen - Chapter 12 #20 21. An advantage of the Embedded Figures Test (EFT) over the Rod and Frame Test (RFT) is that A. the EFT measures field-dependence/independence better than the RFT. B. the EFT is much easier to give than the RFT. C. the EFT is more valid than the RFT. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 12 #21 22. Which of the following college majors would be MOST likely to have many field- independent people? A. Journalism B. History C. Sociology D. Physics Larsen - Chapter 12 #22 23. tend to be more sociable than . A. Individuals with an external locus of control; those with an internal locus of control B. Individuals with an internal locus of control; those with an external locus of control C. Field-independent individuals; those who are field-dependent D. Field-dependent individuals; those who are field-independent Larsen - Chapter 12 #23 24. A study by Vrij et al. suggests that field-independent police officers, compared to field-dependent police officers, A. notice fewer details under distracting conditions. B. remember more details encoded under distracting conditions. C. generally perform worse under distraction conditions. D. hit fewer targets in simulated shooting tasks. Larsen - Chapter 12 #24 25. Students who are are especially good at seeing connections between different categories. A. field-dependent B. field-independent C. both field dependent and field independent D. intelligent Larsen - Chapter 12 #25 26. Pain tolerance has been studied with respect to A. field-dependence versus field-independence. B. explanatory style. C. life tasks. D. reducing or augmenting pain. Larsen - Chapter 12 #26 27. The person most associated with research on reducing/augmenting is A. Goleman. B. Petrie. C. Seligman. D. Witkin. Larsen - Chapter 12 #27 28. seek out more stimulation than . A. Reducers; augmenters B. Augmenters; reducers C. Field-independent people; field-dependent people D. Field-dependent people; field-independent people Larsen - Chapter 12 #28 29. Who argued that people construct explanations for the events in their lives just as scientists construct explanations for phenomena in the laboratory? A. Aneseth Petrie B. George Kelly C. Julian Rotter D. None of these Larsen - Chapter 12 #29 30. Which of the following is NOT a construct? A. Gravity B. Anxiety C. Intelligence D. All of these Larsen - Chapter 12 #30 31. "Post-modernism" in psychology can be summarized as A. "Perception is not necessarily reality." B. "Experience defines reality." C. "Reality is constructed, and so there are many different views of reality." D. "There is no spoon." Larsen - Chapter 12 #31 32. According to Rotter, people differ in A. their expectations that a course of action will lead to a reinforcement. B. the value they place on a given reinforcement. C. whether or not their actions influence events. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 12 #32 33. Generalized expectancies are A. characteristics of a situation that can be applied generally. B. perceptions that generalize from one situation to the next. C. expectations for reinforcement held across a variety of situations. D. None of these. Larsen - Chapter 12 #33 34. Which of the following is NOT an example of a generalized expectancy? A. The belief that people are solely responsible for their actions. B. The belief that all tests are unfair. C. The belief that good things happen to lucky people. D. None of these. They are all examples of generalized expectancy. Larsen - Chapter 12 #34 35. People who take personal responsibility for events A. are field-independent. B. are field-dependent. C. have an internal locus of control. D. have an external locus of control. Larsen - Chapter 12 #35 36. A person who believes that luck plays an important part in her or his life has a(n) A. internal locus of control. B. external locus of control. C. supernatural explanatory style. D. naturalistic explanatory style. Larsen - Chapter 12 #36 37. People with a(n) are more likely to be active in taking charge of circumstances in their lives. A. internal locus of control B. external locus of control C. global explanatory style D. stable explanatory style Larsen - Chapter 12 #37 38. It is probably less adaptive to have an internal locus of control A. in the domain of health behaviors. B. in academic domains. C. when negative events are not controllable. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 12 #38 39. is observed when people passively endure an uncomfortable situation. A. Learned helplessness B. Passive endurance C. Internalized anxiety D. "Freezing" Larsen - Chapter 12 #39 40. Participants who were first exposed to problems without solutions later A. completed more problems that did have solutions. B. completed fewer problems that did have solutions. C. demonstrated the concept of learned helplessness. D. completed fewer problems with solutions and demonstrated learned helplessness. Larsen - Chapter 12 #40 41. The reformulated learned helplessness model focuses on individuals' A. perceptions of events. B. memories of events. C. explanations of events. D. learning styles. Larsen - Chapter 12 #41 42. refers to the way people explain why events occur. A. Causal attribution B. Learned helplessness C. Field independence D. Perception Larsen - Chapter 12 #42 43. A person who takes personal credit for choosing winning lottery numbers probably has a(n) explanatory style. A. internal B. external C. stable D. unstable Larsen - Chapter 12 #43 44. A student who attributes his failure to get into a graduate school as due to the fact that he was sick on the day of his interview has a(n) explanatory style. A. specific B. global C. unstable D. stable Larsen - Chapter 12 #44 45. A women who concludes that all men are untrustworthy after her husband was unfaithful has an explanatory style. A. specific B. global C. unstable D. stable Larsen - Chapter 12 #45 46. The "pessimistic explanatory style" is defined as making attributions for negative events. A. external, stable, and specific B. internal, stable, and specific C. internal, temporary, and global D. internal, stable, and global Larsen - Chapter 12 #46 47. A pessimistic explanatory style has been shown to be associated with all of the following EXCEPT A. aggressiveness. B. poor health. C. mortality. D. lowered immunocompetence. Larsen - Chapter 12 #47 48. A set of relevant actions intended to achieve a goal that the person has selected is known as a(n) A. explanatory style. B. causal attribution. C. personal project. D. outcome-focused strategy. Larsen - Chapter 12 #48 49. Personal projects analysis often addresses A. the likelihood that goals will be met. B. the difficulty of meeting the goals. C. the personal importance of goals. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 12 #49 50. (p. 386) People who score high on rate their personal projects as stressful and difficult. A. psychoticism B. conscientiousness C. neuroticism D. All of these Larsen - Chapter 12 #50 51. People who rate their personal projects are generally more satisfied with life. A. as stressful B. optimistically C. as within their control D. optimistically and within their control Larsen - Chapter 12 #51 52. The concept of intelligence that emphasizes the amount of knowledge one has gained is known as intelligence. A. achievement B. aptitude C. general D. multiple Larsen - Chapter 12 #52 53. IQ tests have usually been interpreted as measures of A. achievement intelligence. B. aptitude intelligence. C. emotional intelligence. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 12 #53 54. intelligence is the term that most refers to a single broad factor of intelligence. A. Achievement B. Aptitude C. General D. Emotional Larsen - Chapter 12 #54 55. The name most associated with the idea of multiple intelligences is A. Gardner. B. Cantor. C. Petrie. D. Witkin. Larsen - Chapter 12 #55 56. The ability to control one's impulses is considered an aspect of intelligence. A. emotional B. aptitude C. kinesthetic D. interpersonal Larsen - Chapter 12 #56 57. A person who scores low in may do well in school, but have difficulty in most other areas of life. A. kinesthetic intelligence B. aptitude intelligence C. emotional intelligence D. All of these Larsen - Chapter 12 #57 58. Some researchers feel that the abilities Gardner calls "intelligences" are correlated enough with each other to A. represent only three distinct intelligences—verbal, quantitative, and analytical. B. warrant more distinct types of intelligence. C. justify thinking of intelligence as a general factor. D. justify thinking of intelligence as an abstract concept that cannot be studied. Larsen - Chapter 12 #58 59. What is defined as "intelligent behavior" A. is consistent across cultures. B. differs across cultures. C. is only found in Western cultures. D. None of these. Larsen - Chapter 12 #59 60. refers to the time it takes to make a simple discrimination between two displayed objects. A. Inspection time B. Reaction time C. Discrimination effort D. Examination time Larsen - Chapter 12 #60 61. Which of the following are debated among intelligence researchers? A. Whether intelligence can be measured accurately. B. Whether measures of intelligence are biased to favor some individuals. C. Whether different racial groups differ with respect to intelligence. D. All of these. CHAPTER 13 1. Which of the following is NOT considered a component of emotions? A. Subjective feelings B. Bodily changes C. Categorizations D. Action tendencies Larsen - Chapter 13 #1 2. is the component of emotions that refers to the increase in probabilities of certain behaviors. A. Subjective feelings B. Bodily changes C. Categorizations D. Action tendencies Larsen - Chapter 13 #2 3. A functional analysis of emotions and emotional expression focuses on the of emotions and emotional expression. A. "why" B. "how" C. "what" D. "where" Larsen - Chapter 13 #3 4. depend more on particular situations than personality characteristics. A. Emotional states B. Emotional traits C. Mood inductions D. Dimensional emotions Larsen - Chapter 13 #4 5. The patterns of emotional reactions that a person consistently experiences over time are called A. emotional states. B. emotional traits. C. explanatory style. D. the cognitive triad. Larsen - Chapter 13 #5 6. The is most concerned with identifying primary emotions. A. categorical view of emotions B. dimensional view of emotions C. diathesis-stress model D. circumplex model Larsen - Chapter 13 #6 7. Happiness can be thought of as an emotional A. state. B. trait. C. state and as an emotional trait. D. None of these. Larsen - Chapter 13 #7 8. Which of the following has NOT been used as a criterion for identifying fundamental or primary emotions? A. Subjective experience B. Unique motivational properties C. Distinct facial expressions D. Relationship to biological processes Larsen - Chapter 13 #8 9. Ekman has argued that primary emotion facial expressions are innate based on A. universal recognition of facial expressions. B. research that shows people who are blind from birth make facial expressions. C. factor analysis. D. universal recognition of facial expressions and the observation of blind persons' facial expressions. Larsen - Chapter 13 #9 10. Most lists of primary emotions contain emotions. A. equal numbers of positive and negative B. more positive emotions than negative C. more negative emotions than positive D. only negative emotions or positive Larsen - Chapter 13 #10 11. The has focused on gathering self-ratings of emotions and using statistical techniques to reduce the number of emotion terms. A. categorical view of emotions B. dimensional view of emotions C. diathesis-stress model D. functional view of emotions Larsen - Chapter 13 #11 12. There is much consensus among proponents of the dimensional view of emotions that are the basic dimensions underlying emotions. A. pleasantness/unpleasantness and arousal level B. pleasantness/unpleasantness and universality of facial expressions C. arousal level and universality of facial expressions D. subjective experience and bodily change Larsen - Chapter 13 #12 13. According to the dimensional view, emotions define a common dimension when they A. have similar facial expressions. B. serve similar functions. C. occur together in experience. D. are rated as feeling distinct. Larsen - Chapter 13 #13 14. is the part of a person's emotional life that refers to the kinds of emotions that are being experienced. A. Style B. Content C. Action tendency D. Intensity Larsen - Chapter 13 #14 15. Happiness is usually measured A. with a polygraph. B. with life-outcome data. C. with self-report questionnaires. D. in the limbic system. Larsen - Chapter 13 #15 16. The average person A. is happy more often than unhappy. B. is unhappy more often than happy. C. is happy and unhappy about equal amounts of time. D. does not care about happiness. Larsen - Chapter 13 #16 17. The extent to which people are satisfied with their lives correlates with A. social desirability. B. having many positive emotions. C. positive illusions. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 13 #17 18. An inflated view of abilities and desirable characteristics is referred to as A. self-deceptive happiness. B. life satisfaction. C. subjective well-being. D. positive illusions. Larsen - Chapter 13 #18 19. Questionnaire measures of happiness A. correlate with measures of social desirability. B. appear to be valid. C. are invalid due to response bias. D. correlate with measures of social desirability and appear to be valid. Larsen - Chapter 13 #19 20. Seidlitz and Diener found that when given five minutes to recall happy events and five minutes to recall unhappy events, happy people recalled than unhappy people. A. more pleasant events and fewer unpleasant events B. as many pleasant events, but fewer unpleasant events C. more pleasant events, but as many unpleasant events D. more events, both happy and unhappy Larsen - Chapter 13 #20 21. Studies of sex differences in happiness indicate that A. men and women are about equally happy. B. men are more likely than women to be depressed. C. women are more likely than men to become alcoholics. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 13 #21 22. Studies of happiness and age have found that A. levels of happiness are not predicted well by age. B. relationships and success at work are more important to young people. C. financial security is more important to older people. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 13 #22 23. Wealth has been found to correlate with happiness A. in studies of lottery winners. B. across different nations. C. when comparing people within most countries. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 13 #23 24. People in countries with tend to be happier. A. high incomes B. low incomes C. more civil liberties D. high incomes and more civil liberties Larsen - Chapter 13 #24 25. Which of the following is a potential "third variable" that might explain the correlation between wealth and happiness across countries? A. Civil rights B. Health care C. Education D. All of these Larsen - Chapter 13 #25 26. Diener et al. (1995) found that the correlation between personal income and happiness was in the United States. A. 0.0 B. .12 C. .32 D. .52 Larsen - Chapter 13 #26 27. Which of the following traits is strongly associated with increased happiness? A. High levels of extraversion B. High levels of neuroticism C. Type A personality D. High levels of extraversion and high levels of neuroticism Larsen - Chapter 13 #27 28. Pictures designed to create an emotional reaction would be used A. in the emotional Stroop task. B. in a mood induction. C. to assess Type A personality. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 13 #28 29. Studies of personality and mood inductions find that it is easier to put people who score in good moods. A. high on extraversion B. low on extraversion C. high on neuroticism D. low on neuroticism Larsen - Chapter 13 #29 30. Correlational studies have A. provided evidence of a direct effect of personality on happiness. B. provided evidence of an indirect effect of personality on happiness. C. shown that high extraversion and low neuroticism are associated with happiness. D. shown that personality type causes happiness. Larsen - Chapter 13 #30 31. Studies that have used mood inductions have A. supported the idea of an indirect effect of personality on happiness. B. supported the idea of a direct effect of personality on happiness. C. shown that personality can influence the mood of a group. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 13 #31 32. Which of the following is NOT likely to increase happiness? A. Spending time with friends B. Helping others C. Wishing for happiness D. Exercise Larsen - Chapter 13 #32 33. People who spend much time worrying score A. high on measures of hostility. B. low on measures of hostility. C. high on measures of neuroticism. D. low on measures of neuroticism. Larsen - Chapter 13 #33 34. People who score high on neuroticism A. take a dimensional view of emotions. B. take a categorical view of emotions. C. are irritated by many things. D. take a categorical view of emotions and are irritated by many things. Larsen - Chapter 13 #34 35. Eysenck linked the trait of to activation in the limbic system. A. extraversion B. neuroticism C. Type A personality D. hostility Larsen - Chapter 13 #35 36. Which of the following brain imaging techniques CANNOT easily test Eysenck's biological explanation of neuroticism? A. EEG B. MRI C. PET D. Not just one of these. All of these techniques can test Eysenck's theory. Larsen - Chapter 13 #36 37. Which of the following is consistent with Eysenck's biological explanation of neuroticism? A. Neuroticism scores are stable over time. B. Neuroticism is partially heritable. C. Neuroticism is described by almost all cultures. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 13 #37 38. Studies have shown that emotion is associated with an increased activation of the A. hippocampus. B. hypothalamus. C. anterior cingulate. D. prefrontal cortex. Larsen - Chapter 13 #38 39. Studies have shown that the control of emotion is associated with an increased activation of the A. hippocampus. B. hypothalamus. C. anterior cingulate. D. prefrontal cortex. Larsen - Chapter 13 #39 40. Which of the following MOST suggests a cognitive basis of neuroticism? A. Neuroticism scores are stable over time. B. Neuroticism is associated with better recall of negative information. C. Neuroticism is partially heritable. D. Neuroticism is described by almost all cultures. Larsen - Chapter 13 #40 41. People who tend to complain of more physical ailments. A. score high on neuroticism B. score high on extraversion C. have positive illusions D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 13 #41 42. People who score high (as compared to low) on neuroticism tend to A. underestimate their physical symptoms. B. reported fewer serious physical symptoms. C. have exaggerated memories of the physical symptoms they experienced. D. believe that others have physical symptoms even when they do not. Larsen - Chapter 13 #42 43. Which of the following are related to neuroticism? A. Coronary disease B. Cancer C. Premature death D. None of these Larsen - Chapter 13 #43 44. Research suggests that may be more susceptible to immune-mediated diseases. A. People with Type A personality. B. People who score high on hostility. C. People who score high on neuroticism. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 13 #44 45. The emotional Stroop task has been used to study personality differences in A. emotional reactivity. B. attention biases. C. physical symptoms. D. affect intensity. Larsen - Chapter 13 #45 46. Which of the following words would cause emotional interference in a person who is high in neuroticism? A. Disease B. Fear C. Failure D. All of these Larsen - Chapter 13 #46 47. People high in neuroticism are often to name colors of anxiety- and threat-related words. A. faster B. slower C. unwilling D. eager Larsen - Chapter 13 #47 48. It is estimated that depression strikes percent of the people in the United States at some point in their lives. A. 5 B. 10 C. 20 D. 30 Larsen - Chapter 13 #48 49. Which of the following is NOT a symptom of depression? A. Diminished pleasure in most activities B. Fatigue C. Feelings of worthlessness D. Dwelling on the past Larsen - Chapter 13 #49 50. According to the diathesis-stress model, depression results from A. stressful life events. B. a pre-existing vulnerability. C. an active limbic system. D. stressful life events and a pre-existing vulnerability. Larsen - Chapter 13 #50 51. refers to a way of organizing and interpreting the world. A. Cognitive schemas B. Cognitive triads C. Syndromes D. Cognitive categorization Larsen - Chapter 13 #51 52. Which of the following is NOT a part of Beck's cognitive triad? A. Information about the self B. Information about one's past C. Information about one's future D. Information about the world Larsen - Chapter 13 #52 53. Beck emphasized in explaining depression. A. vulnerability to negative emotions B. activity in the limbic system C. distortions in thoughts D. the categorical approach to emotions Larsen - Chapter 13 #53 54. According to Beck, which of the following is NOT a cognitive distortion among people with depression? A. Making arbitrary inferences B. Personalizing C. Catastrophizing D. Compartmentalizing Larsen - Chapter 13 #54 55. Beck thought that cognitive distortions A. lead to self-fulfilling prophesies. B. lead to negative feelings about the self. C. were automatic in depressed people. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 13 #55 56. Depressed persons maintain an , , and explanatory style. A. external; unstable; specific B. external; stable; specific C. internal; stable; global D. internal; unstable; global Larsen - Chapter 13 #56 57. According to the neurotransmitter theory of depression, which of the following neurotransmitters are NOT involved in depression? A. Dopamine B. Serotonin C. Norepinephrine D. Not just one of these answers. They are all involved in depression. Larsen - Chapter 13 #57 58. Someone who becomes very angry and irritated when receiving a bill in the mail or encountering traffic delays, for example, may be labeled A. neurotic. B. hostile. C. psychopathic. D. antisocial. Larsen - Chapter 13 #58 59. Hostility includes which of the following? A. Easily irritated B. Feeling frequent resentment C. Acting in rude and critical manner in everyday interactions D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 13 #59 60. Recent research on Type A personality has focused on A. defining the categorical approach to emotion. B. defining the dimensional approach to emotion. C. neuroticism. D. hostility. Larsen - Chapter 13 #60 61. People who are concerned with aggressively achieving more in less time A. score high on measures of neuroticism. B. tend to be depressed. C. exhibit Type A personality. D. score high on measures of extraversion. Larsen - Chapter 13 #61 62. A cluster of several traits is referred to as a(n) A. "taxonomy." B. "syndrome." C. "explanatory style." D. "diathesis-stress model." Larsen - Chapter 13 #62 63. Research on Type A personality suggests that the component of is most associated with poor health. A. time urgency B. achievement strivings C. hostility D. competitiveness Larsen - Chapter 13 #63 64. Which of the following traits refers to an emotional style? A. Type A personality B. Hostility C. Affect intensity D. Easygoingness Larsen - Chapter 13 #64 65. A person who experiences very high "highs" and very low "lows" scores high on the trait of A. affect intensity. B. neuroticism. C. extraversion. D. hostility. Larsen - Chapter 13 #65 66. A person who scores low on affect intensity A. never experiences strong emotions. B. experiences negative emotions more frequently than a person who scores high. C. experiences strong emotions less frequently than a person who scores high. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 13 #66 67. Which of the following was identified using the experience sampling method? A. Type A personality B. Affect intensity C. Neuroticism D. Explanatory style Larsen - Chapter 13 #67 68. Researchers agree that A. it is better to be high on affect intensity. B. it is better to be low on affect intensity. C. it is better to be high on affect intensity most of the time. D. we cannot say whether it is bad or good to be low or high on affect intensity. Larsen - Chapter 13 #68 69. Research on affect intensity suggests that most people affect intensity. A. prefer to be high in B. prefer to be low in C. prefer to be moderate in D. would not want to change their level of Larsen - Chapter 13 #69 70. People who score high on affect intensity A. experience only negative emotions more strongly than people who score low. B. experience more physiological arousal than people who score low. C. experience less physiological arousal than people who score low. D. Both A and B. Larsen - Chapter 13 #70 71. A benefit of low affect intensity is A. fewer psychosomatic symptoms. B. lower levels of concern about psychosomatic symptoms. C. experiencing less intense positive emotions. D. experiencing more intense positive emotions. Larsen - Chapter 13 #71 72. High levels of affect intensity are associated with A. Type A personality. B. high levels of neuroticism. C. high levels of extraversion. D. high levels of neuroticism and extraversion. Larsen - Chapter 13 #72 73. Mood variability is a component of A. Type A personality. B. affect intensity. C. extraversion. D. anxiety. Larsen - Chapter 13 #73 74. People in affect intensity exhibit frequent changes in their moods. A. low; slightly more B. low; many more C. high; more D. high; less Larsen - Chapter 13 #74 75. Emotional content and emotional style A. correlate at high levels. B. correlate at moderate levels. C. correlate at low levels. D. do not correlate at all. CHAPTER 14 1. The way you see and define yourself is known as your A. self-esteem. B. self-concept. C. social identity. D. self-esteem variability. Larsen - Chapter 14 #1 2. The extent to which you value yourself is known as your A. self-esteem. B. self-concept. C. social identity. D. possible selves. Larsen - Chapter 14 #2 3. The aspects of yourself that you present to others is known as your A. self-esteem. B. self-concept. C. social identity. D. possible selves. Larsen - Chapter 14 #3 4. If you describe yourself to other people as extraverted, but in fact you are introverted, then extraversion is a part of your A. self-esteem. B. self-concept. C. social identity. D. possible selves. Larsen - Chapter 14 #4 5. Most people look at first in a photo. A. themselves B. romantic partners C. family members D. close friends Larsen - Chapter 14 #5 6. People are especially sensitive to events that change their sense of self in A. early childhood. B. late adolescence. C. middle adulthood. D. late adulthood. Larsen - Chapter 14 #6 7. Our sense of self influences A. how we evaluate life events. B. how we interact with other people. C. how others view us. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 14 #7 8. A person who fails an exam will A. feel bad if doing well on the exam was important to his or her self-concept. B. feel bad if he or she has low self-esteem. C. feel bad if he or she has high self-esteem. D. likely begin to self-handicap. Larsen - Chapter 14 #8 9. People who evaluate their personal characteristics as positive A. demonstrate identity contrast. B. engage in selective valuation. C. have high self-esteem. D. have low self-esteem. Larsen - Chapter 14 #9 10. The information on your driver's license is mostly a part of your A. self-esteem. B. self-concept. C. social identity. D. possible selves. Larsen - Chapter 14 #10 11. There are types of identify theft, . A. two; impersonation and misrepresentation B. two; account takeover and application fraud C. three; impersonation, misrepresentation, and omission D. three; account takeover, application fraud, and document falsification Larsen - Chapter 14 #11 12. The self-concept begins to develop as early as A. infancy. B. childhood. C. adolescence. D. adulthood. Larsen - Chapter 14 #12 13. begins to develop when an infant notices that her or his body is distinct from the rest of the world. A. Self-esteem B. The self-concept C. A social identity D. The first possible self Larsen - Chapter 14 #13 14. People differ from most other animals in that A. animals do not have traits. B. animals do not have a self-concept. C. animals do not engage in unconscious behavior. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 14 #14 15. Children can follow rules set up by parents around the age of A. 6 months. B. 9 months. C. 1 year. D. 2 years. Larsen - Chapter 14 #15 16. Which of the following develops first in children? A. Knowledge about their gender and age B. The capacity for social comparison C. A private self-concept D. All of these develop about the same time Larsen - Chapter 14 #16 17. When a person evaluates his performance relative to peers, he engages in A. identity conflict. B. identity deficit. C. selective valuation. D. social comparison. Larsen - Chapter 14 #17 18. Around the age of 5 or 6 years of age, children develop A. the ability to engage in social comparison. B. a private self-concept. C. objective self-awareness. D. the ability to engage in social comparison and a private self-concept. Larsen - Chapter 14 #18 19. Imaginary friends often indicate that a child has developed A. the ability to engage in social comparison. B. a private self-concept. C. objective self-awareness. D. an identity deficit. Larsen - Chapter 14 #19 20. Perspective taking usually develops around the age of years. A. 2 B. 5 C. 9 D. 13 Larsen - Chapter 14 #20 21. The ability to see oneself as other people might is known as A. a private self-concept. B. social comparison. C. perspective taking. D. social identity. Larsen - Chapter 14 #21 22. Seeing oneself as the object of others' attention is known as A. social comparison. B. perspective taking. C. objective self-awareness. D. a private self-concept. Larsen - Chapter 14 #22 23. People living in modern societies begin to organize their lives in narrative terms in A. early adolescence. B. late adolescence. C. early adulthood. D. late adolescence and early adulthood. Larsen - Chapter 14 #23 24. The specific knowledge structures of self-concepts are called A. self-schema. B. possible selves. C. social identities. D. self-esteem. Larsen - Chapter 14 #24 25. Self-schema A. guides attention. B. is stored in memory. C. influences how we interpret the world. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 14 #25 26. "Possible selves" describe who we A. would like to become. B. do not want to become. C. think we might become. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 14 #26 27. A person who has a possible self of a musician A. knows that he or she will be a musician some day. B. knows the steps he or she will need to take to become a musician. C. will be guided towards musical opportunities. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 14 #27 28. Possible selves A. describe past behaviors. B. motivate behavior. C. are unrelated to behavior. D. develop in early infancy. Larsen - Chapter 14 #28 29. what a person wants to be. A. Self-esteem is B. The ideal self is C. The ought self is D. Possible selves are Larsen - Chapter 14 #29 30. A person's understanding of how others want him or her to be is known as the A. "self-guide." B. "deal self." C. "ought self." D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 14 #30 31. Tory Higgins described as standards that individuals use to organize information and motivate appropriate behavior. A. self-guides B. possible selves C. self-esteem D. identity crises Larsen - Chapter 14 #31 32. A person who is especially motivated to avoid harm A. has high self-esteem. B. is engaging in prevention focus. C. is engaging in promotion focus. D. has lost his or her self guide. Larsen - Chapter 14 #32 33. Compared to people with high self-esteem, people with low self-esteem are more A. prevention focused. B. promotion focused. C. concerned with not failing than with succeeding. D. prevention focused and more concerned with not failing than with succeeding. Larsen - Chapter 14 #33 34. Self-esteem is the sum of your reactions to all the aspects of yourself- concept. A. positive B. negative C. positive and negative D. positive, negative, and standard Larsen - Chapter 14 #34 35. When people behave in ways that are inconsistent with their self-concepts A. they self-handicap. B. they abandon their possible selves. C. their self-esteem increases. D. their self-esteem decreases. Larsen - Chapter 14 #35 36. is the composite of self-evaluations across many different domains. A. Self-esteem variability B. Global self-esteem C. Self-concept D. None of these. Larsen - Chapter 14 #36 37. Self-esteem in the academic domain with self-esteem in the physical attractiveness domain. A. correlates highly B. correlates moderately C. correlates a little D. does not correlate Larsen - Chapter 14 #37 38. A person who agrees with the statement, "I feel I do not have much to be proud of," would score self-esteem. A. low on academic B. score high on academic C. score low on global D. score high on global Larsen - Chapter 14 #38 39. People tend to respond to criticism with decreased motivation. A. with low self-esteem B. with high self-esteem C. who are shy D. who are not shy Larsen - Chapter 14 #39 40. People who score high on self-esteem tend to after receiving failure feedback. A. work harder B. give up C. become angry D. increase their self-esteem Larsen - Chapter 14 #40 41. People who have low self-esteem A. are interested only in positive feedback. B. are interested only in negative feedback. C. are not interested in receiving feedback. D. do not differ from those high in self-esteem in their interest in feedback. Larsen - Chapter 14 #41 42. People who tend to be motivated by a fear of failure. A. have high self-esteem B. have low self-esteem C. are shy D. have low self-esteem and are shy Larsen - Chapter 14 #42 43. A person with high (as opposed to low) self-esteem would be more likely to respond to failure by A. giving up. B. accepting it. C. thinking of other things that are going well. D. becoming aggressive. Larsen - Chapter 14 #43 44. People who desire social contact but are held back by insecurity are best described as A. having low self-esteem. B. antisocial. C. shy. D. lacking self-schema. Larsen - Chapter 14 #44 45. People who are shy also A. have low self-esteem variability. B. are introverted. C. score high on social anxiety. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 14 #45 46. Kagan has found that about percent of 4-month-old infants are shy. A. 10 B. 20 C. 30 D. 40 Larsen - Chapter 14 #46 47. Children who were shy as infants, but overcame their shyness A. were encouraged into social interactions by parents. B. were not encouraged into social interactions by parents. C. did not have the shyness gene. D. had parents that were more outgoing. Larsen - Chapter 14 #47 48. People who experience discomfort related to social interactions score A. high on measures of self-esteem. B. low on measures of self-esteem. C. high on measures of social anxiety. D. low on measures of social anxiety. Larsen - Chapter 14 #48 49. People who are socially anxious A. are less likely to ask for help. B. are often perceived as unfriendly. C. do not want to have friends. D. are less likely to ask for help and are often perceived as unfriendly. Larsen - Chapter 14 #49 50. To overcome shyness, people should A. force themselves into social situations. B. only enter social situations where they feel comfortable. C. carefully monitor their part of the conversation. D. take the view that conversation should come easily. Larsen - Chapter 14 #50 51. Which of the following is NOT a step that would tend to help decrease shyness? A. Try not to avoid social situations. B. Mentally review aspects of conversation that went poorly. C. Pay attention to others. D. Make more eye contact. Larsen - Chapter 14 #51 52. A person with many distinct aspects of self is best described as having A. high self-esteem variability. B. high global self esteem. C. high self-complexity. D. self guides. Larsen - Chapter 14 #52 53. People with low (as opposed to high) self-complexity A. respond better to negative life events. B. are devastated by negative life events. C. tend to respond to failure with aggression. D. score higher on measures of self-esteem. Larsen - Chapter 14 #53 54. A positive aspect of defensive pessimism is that A. it helps transform anxiety into pleasure. B. it leads to motivation. C. other people find it attractive. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 14 #54 55. When a person deliberately does something that increases the chances of failure, he or she is engaging in A. defensive pessimism. B. prevention focus. C. promotion focus. D. self-handicapping. Larsen - Chapter 14 #55 56. A person who goes to a wild, all-night party the night before an exam may be engaging in A. stupidity. B. prevention focus. C. promotion focus. D. self-handicapping. Larsen - Chapter 14 #56 57. People who score low in self-esteem are more likely to A. engage in self-handicapping. B. engage in defensive pessimism. C. avoid failure feedback. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 14 #57 58. Individual differences in short-term self-evaluations refer to the dimension of A. self-esteem variability. B. global self-esteem. C. promotion focus. D. prevention focus. Larsen - Chapter 14 #58 59. Self-esteem level and self-esteem variability A. correlate at high levels. B. do not correlate. C. interact to predict important outcomes. D. do not correlate and interact to predict important outcomes. Larsen - Chapter 14 #59 60. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of people who score high on self- esteem variability? A. Enhanced sensitivity to social events B. Tendency for a low sense of self-worth C. Tendency to react with anger and hostility D. Increased concern about their self-view Larsen - Chapter 14 #60 61. Gender and ethnicity are necessarily a component of one's A. self-concept. B. self-esteem. C. social identity. D. None of these. Larsen - Chapter 14 #61 62. The idea that identity remains relatively stable is referred to as identity A. continuity. B. contrast. C. deficit. D. conflict. Larsen - Chapter 14 #62 63. The idea that a people's identity sets them apart from others is known as identity A. continuity. B. contrast. C. deficit. D. conflict. Larsen - Chapter 14 #63 64. first popularized the concept of identity. A. Eysenck B. Freud C. Erikson D. Skinner Larsen - Chapter 14 #64 65. Experimentation with different identities is most common in A. childhood. B. adolescence. C. adulthood. D. old age. Larsen - Chapter 14 #65 66. People differ in A. the extent to which identity is important to them. B. the amount of effort expended on creating an identity. C. whether or not they have identities. D. None of these. Larsen - Chapter 14 #66 67. Anxiety related to changes in one's identity is called identity A. continuity. B. contrast. C. crisis. D. All of these Larsen - Chapter 14 #67 68. When a person has failed to find an adequate identity, he or she experiences identity A. continuity. B. contrast. C. deficit. D. rigidity. Larsen - Chapter 14 #68 69. A person who has an identity deficit A. has trouble making decisions. B. experiences more identity contrast. C. has more difficulty changing his or her identity. D. has trouble making decisions and experiences more identity contrast. Larsen - Chapter 14 #69 70. When individuals discard their parents' values, they may be at risk for identity A. conflict. B. continuity. C. contrast. D. deficit. Larsen - Chapter 14 #70 71. Important and difficult life decisions are often accompanied by identity A. rigidity. B. contrast. C. deficit. D. conflict. Larsen - Chapter 14 #71 72. Identity conflicts are conflicts. A. approach-avoidance B. approach-approach C. avoidance-avoidance D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 14 #72 73. Midlife identity crises are most likely to be A. approach-approach conflicts. B. identity deficits. C. identity conflicts. D. identity contrasts. Larsen - Chapter 14 #73 74. The character Lester from the movie "American Beauty" most demonstrates the concept of A. self-esteem variability. B. defensive pessimism. C. self-handicapping. D. identity crisis. CHAPTER 15 1. The social and cultural domain of knowledge emphasizes the effects of on an individual's behavior more than other approaches emphasize those factors. A. internal factors B. external factors C. unconscious factors D. conscious factors Larsen - Chapter 15 #1 2. Which of the following is NOT one of the ways discussed in the text that illustrate how personality interacts with situations? A. Evocation B. Satisfaction C. Selection D. Manipulation Larsen - Chapter 15 #2 3. People consider personality traits most when they friends. A. manipulate B. evoke C. select D. argue with Larsen - Chapter 15 #3 4. When a person's behavior unintentionally elicits a certain response from another person, we observe A. manipulation. B. selection. C. evocation. D. Provocation. Larsen - Chapter 15 #4 5. If a person is treated nicely because she is a friendly person the mechanism of may be operating. A. manipulation. B. selection. C. evocation. D. stagnation. Larsen - Chapter 15 #5 6. Intentionally influencing other people's behavior is known as A. manipulation. B. selection. C. evocation. D. stagnation. Larsen - Chapter 15 #6 7. A boy who persuades his brother to steal some candy demonstrates the concept of A. manipulation. B. selection. C. evocation. D. stagnation. Larsen - Chapter 15 #7 8. According to international research, the characteristic most desirable in a mate is A. extraversion. B. mutual attraction or love. C. openness. D. agreeableness. Larsen - Chapter 15 #8 9. Which of the following is most important to most people in choosing a mate? A. Political ideology B. Personality characteristics C. Health D. Good looks Larsen - Chapter 15 #9 10. The complimentary needs theory states that individuals select mates A. with personality characteristics that differ from theirs. B. who fulfill their needs for being complimented and flattered. C. with personality characteristics similar to their own. D. who have characteristics that are related to marital satisfaction. Larsen - Chapter 15 #10 11. Francis, a miserable cook, is looking for a spouse who is a wonderful cook. Francis' preference for someone who cooks would support the hypothesis on human mating. A. Assortative mating B. Complimentary needs C. Wishful thinking D. Self-deception Larsen - Chapter 15 #11 12. Which of the following names the theory that states that individuals select individuals with characteristics similar to their own for marriage partners? A. Long-term mating B. Mirror image mating C. Assortative mating D. Matching hypothesis Larsen - Chapter 15 #12 13. Investigators have found evidence for assortative mating A. only for physical characteristics (height, weight, etc.). B. only for psychological characteristics (attitudes, beliefs, personality traits). C. in a few selected variables important in the area of evolutionary psychology. D. for almost every variable that has been investigated. Larsen - Chapter 15 #13 14. Samantha places an on-line personal ad. In her ad she writes that she is very outgoing, conscientious, and open to experience. She states that she wants the same characteristics in potential mate. Her ad supports the hypothesis of mate selection. A. assortative mating B. complimentary needs C. wishful thinking D. self deception Larsen - Chapter 15 #14 15. According to the assortative mating hypothesis, individuals who score high on extraversion scales will