AG-CNS questions and correct
i# i# i#
answers| graded a+
i# i# i#
Adult i#gerontology i#clinical i#nurse i#specialists i#are i#talking i#about i#the i#ability i#to i#produce
i#an i#effect. i#What i#term i#best i#describes i#what i#they i#are i#talking i#about?
a. Marketing.
b. Budget.
c. Reimbursement.
d. Efficacy. i#- i#d. i#Efficacy
Efficacy i#is i#a i#concept i#that i#adult i#gerontology i#clinical i#nurse i#specialists i#should i#be
i#aware i#of. i#The i#word i#efficacy i#is i#used i#to i#describe i#the i#ability i#to i#produce i#an i#effect.
i#More i#directly, i#it i#means i#the i#ability i#of i#an i#intervention i#or i#medication i#to i#produce
i#an i#expected i#outcome.
Frankie i#is i#a i#patient i#who i#has i#been i#diagnosed i#with i#pancreatitis. i#Which i#of i#the
i#following i#test i#results i#is i#most i#likely i#to i#be i#consistent i#with i#this i#diagnosis?
a. Lipase i#is i#lowered.
b. White i#blood i#count i#will i#be i#elevated i#if i#the i#pancreatitis i#is i#acute.
c. Bilirubin i#is i#grossly i#elevated.
d. Glucose i#may i#be i#severely i#decreased i#if i#pancreatitis i#is i#severe. i#- i#b. i#White i#blood
i#count i#will i#be i#elevated i#if i#the i#pancreatitis i#is i#acute.
White i#blood i#count i#will i#be i#elevated i#if i#the i#pancreatitis i#is i#acute. i#Lipase i#is i#elevated
i#in i#pancreatitis. i#Bilirubin i#is i#mildly i#elevated i#in i#20% i#of i#patients. i#Glucose i#may i#be
i#increased i#in i#severe i#pancreatitis.
Creating i#a i#culture i#amenable i#to i#innovation i#is i#necessarily i#based i#on i#the i#relative
i#understanding i#and i#application i#of i#equity i#within i#an i#organizational i#framework. i#Equity
i#is i#characterized i#by i#which i#of i#the i#following?
a. It i#is i#morality-based.
b. It i#reflects i#delegatory i#authority.
c. It i#is i#comprised i#of i#vertical i#relationships.
d. It i#is i#inclusive, i#suggesting i#ownership. i#- i#d. i#It i#is i#inclusive, i#suggesting i#ownership.
Equity i#is i#characterized i#by i#being i#inclusive, i#suggesting i#ownership. i#It i#is i#value-based,
i#reflects i#accountability i#and i#is i#comprised i#of i#horizontal i#relationship. i#Equity i#is i#also
i#characterized i#by i#equality i#in i#relationships.
Which i#of i#the i#following i#drugs, i#when i#mixed i#with i#aged i#cheese i#or i#cured i#meats
i#has i#a i#clinical i#implication i#for i#severe i#hypertensive i#reactions?
a. benzodiazepines
b. angiotensin-converting i#enzyme i#(ACE) i#inhibitors
c. warfarin
d. monoamine i#oxidase i#(MAO) i#inhibitors i#- i#d. i#monoamine i#oxidase i#(MAO) i#inhibitors
Clinically i#important i#drug-nutrient i#interactions i#between i#monoamine i#oxidase i#(MAO)
i#inhibitors i#and i#aged i#and i#cured i#cheese i#and i#meats i#can i#have i#implications i#that
i#produce
,severe i#hypertensive i#reactions. i#Other i#foods i#can i#produce i#a i#negative i#drug-
nutrient i#reaction i#with i#MAO i#inhibitors i#include i#banana i#peels, i#fava i#bean i#pods,
i#yeast i#extracts, i#sauerkraut i#or i#soy i#sauce, i#among i#others. i#Monoamine i#oxidase
i#found i#in i#the i#GI i#tract i#inactivates i#tyramine. i#Tyramine i#can i#cause i#hypertension
i#when i#absorbed i#into i#the i#systemic i#system.
Which i#of i#the i#following i#drugs i#for i#benign i#prostatic i#hypertrophy i#(BPH) i#requires i#up i#to
i#six i#months i#to i#be i#effective?
a. Minipress
b. Proscar
c. Hytrin
d. Cardura i#- i#b. i#Proscar
Proscar i#(finasteride) i#shrinks i#the i#prostate. i#It i#requires i#up i#to i#6 i#months i#to i#be
i#effective. i#The i#other i#drugs i#require i#a i#2 i#- i#3 i#month i#trial.
When i#controlling i#organizational i#costs, i#bringing i#the i#individuals' i#desires i#and i#the
i#organization's i#needs i#together i#is i#referred i#to i#as i#which i#of i#the i#following?
a. goal i#congruence
b. motivation
c. quality i#care
d. bonus i#effect i#- i#a. i#goal i#congruence
In i#order i#to i#be i#certain i#that i#the i#human i#beings i#will i#in i#fact i#want i#to i#control
i#organizational i#costs, i#the i#manager i#needs i#to i#make i#sure i#that i#it i#is i#somehow i#in
i#their i#direct i#best i#interests i#for i#costs i#to i#be i#controlled. i#The i#key i#is i#to i#establish i#some
i#way i#that i#the i#normally i#divergent i#desires i#of i#both i#are i#congruent. i#This i#is i#goal
i#congruence.
There i#are i#a i#number i#of i#normal i#aging i#changes i#that i#a i#health i#care i#professional i#must
i#recognize i#in i#a i#patient. i#Which i#of i#the i#following i#is i#NOT i#a i#normal i#aging i#change?
a. Older i#adults i#often i#experience i#an i#increased i#pulse i#pressure.
b. There i#is i#a i#decreased i#amount i#of i#blood i#pumped i#throughout i#the i#circulatory i#system.
c. Premature i#contractions i#and i#arrhythmias i#may i#occur.
d. Older i#adults i#often i#experience i#higher i#diastolic i#pressure. i#- i#d. i#Older i#adults
i#often i#experience i#higher i#diastolic i#pressure.
Older i#adults i#often i#experience i#lower i#diastolic i#pressure. i#Blood i#flow i#is i#slower. i#Low
i#diastolic i#pressure i#is i#a i#risk i#for i#cerebrovascular i#accidents i#or i#strokes.
The i#system i#that i#allows i#managers i#to i#make i#financial i#decisions i#and i#adjustments
i#through i#computer i#modeling i#that i#uses i#real-time i#data i#is i#which i#of i#the i#following?
a. prospective i#payment i#system
b. diagnosis i#related i#groups
c. decision i#support i#system
d. capitation i#- i#c. i#decision i#support i#system
,Decision i#support i#systems i#allow i#managers i#to i#make i#financial i#decisions i#and
i#adjustments i#through i#computer i#modeling i#that i#uses i#real-time i#data. i#Computer-
generated i#financial i#forecasting i#allows i#organizations i#to i#develop i#alternative
i#scenarios i#on i#the i#basis i#of i#the i#interplay i#among i#numerous i#variables.
Which i#of i#the i#following i#is i#NOT i#an i#instructional i#strategy?
a. role i#modeling
b. mini i#in-service
c. evidence-based i# practice
d. critical i#incident i#- i#c. i#evidence-based i#practice
Evidence-based i#practice i#is i#not i#an i#instructional i#strategy; i#it i#is i#a i#decision-making
i#strategy. i#Other i#instructional i#strategies i#include i#rounds i#and i#family i#as i#"faculty."
In i#terms i#of i#intrarenal i#autoregulation, i#to i#prevent i#large i#changes i#in i#GFR, i#mean
i#arterial i#pressure i#is i#maintained i#at i#which i#of i#the i#following?
a. 0 i#- i#40 i#mm i#Hg
b. 40 i#- i#80 i#mm i#Hg
c. 80 i#to i#180 i#mm i#Hg
d. 180 i#- i#280 i#mm i#Hg i#- i#c. i#80 i#to i#180 i#mm i#Hg
As i#a i#general i#principle i#of i#intrarenal i#autoregulation, i#mean i#arterial i#pressure i#(MAP)
i#is i#maintained i#in i#a i#range i#of i#80 i#to i#180 i#mm i#Hg i#to i#prevent i#large i#changes i#in i#GFR.
i#The i#major i#site i#of i#autoregulation i#is i#the i#afferent i#arteriole.
Which i#of i#the i#following i#is i#the i#most i#commonly i#reported i#illness i#among i#older i#adults?
a. osteoarthritis
b. constipation
c. osteoporosis
d. dementia i#- i#a. i#osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis i#is i#the i#most i#commonly i#reported i#illness i#among i#older i#adults. i#It i#is i#a
i#type i#of i#arthritis i#that i#occurs i#when i#flexible i#tissue i#at i#the i#ends i#of i#bones i#wears
i#down. i#It i#is i#more i#likely i#to i#occur i#in i#the i#weight i#bearing i#joints, i#especially i#the i#hips
i#and i#knees.
When i#the i#clinical i#nurse i#specialist i#has i#the i#job i#of i#acting i#as i#a i#mentor i#assisting
i#with i#socialization i#of i#a i#novice i#nurse i#during i#orientation, i#he i#or i#she i#is i#known i#as
i#which i#of i#the i#following?
a. coach
b. preceptor
c. role i#model
d. transitioner i#- i#b. i#preceptor
Being i#a i#preceptor i#means i#that i#an i#experienced i#person i#acts i#as i#mentor i#for i#a i#new
i#nurse, i#assisting i#with i#the i#new i#nurse's i#orientation. i#Preceptor i#programs i#have
i#gained i#popularity i#as i#a i#means i#to i#socialize i#the i#novice i#nurse i#into i#the
i#profession.
In i#terms i#of i#statistical i#analysis, i#addressing i#it i#as i#the i#likelihood i#of i#accurately
i#predicting i#an i#event i#or i#the i#extent i#of i#an i#effect i#is i#which i#of i#the i#following?
, classical i#hypothesis i#testing
i#probability i#theory
measures i#of i#central i#tendency
i#kurtosis i#- i#probability i#theory
Probability i#theory i#addresses i#statistical i#analysis i#as i#the i#likelihood i#of i#accurately
i#predicting i#an i#event i#or i#the i#extent i#of i#an i#effect. i#Nurse i#researchers i#might i#be
i#interested i#in i#the i#probability i#of i#a i#particular i#nursing i#outcome i#in i#a i#particular
i#patient i#care i#situation.
Probability i#is i#expressed i#as i#a i#lowercase i#p.
Your i#patient i#tells i#you i#that i#he i#has i#large i#red i#nodules i#in i#the i#pit i#of i#his i#arm. i#He
i#tells i#you i#that i#he i#has i#had i#them i#before i#and i#they i#have i#resolved i#but i#now i#they i#are
i#draining i#pus. i#You i#understand i#that i#this i#person i#has i#which i#of i#the i#following?
early i#Lyme i#disease
i#pityriasis i#rosea
i#scabies
hidradenitis i#suppurativa i#- i#hidradenitis i#suppurativa
Hidradenitis i#suppurativa i#is i#a i#chronic i#scarring i#skin i#disease i#that i#affects i#the
i#apocrine i#glands. i#Treatment i#includes i#antibiotics i#to i#reduce i#inflammation, i#fight
i#infection, i#prevent i#HS i#from i#worsening, i#and i#stop i#new i#breakouts, i#and
i#corticosteroids i#to i#reduce i#inflammation i#which i#can i#help i#clear i#HS i#and i#prevent
i#new i#breakouts.
An i#adult i#gerontology i#clinical i#nurse i#specialist i#knows, i#that i#with i#age, i#people i#change
i#in i#which i#of i#the i#following i#ways?
In i#physical i#ways i#only.
i#Biological i#ways.
Psychological i # ways.
Both i#biological i#and i#psychological i#ways. i#- i#Both i#biological i#and i#psychological i#ways
An i#adult i#gerontology i#clinical i#nurse i#specialist i#knows, i#that i#with i#age, i#people
i#change i#in i#both i#biological i#and i#psychological i#ways. i#Nurses i#can i#recommend
i#lifestyle i#changes i#that i#can i#help i#decrease i#the i#effects i#of i#aging.
The i#oldest i#model i#of i#decision i#making i#is i#assumed i#to i#maximize i#satisfaction i#and
i#fulfills i#the i#"perfect i#knowledge i#assumption: i#that i#in i#any i#given i#situation i#calling i#for
i#a i#decision, i#all i#possible i#choices i#and i#consequences i#and i#potential i#outcome i#of
i#each i#are i#known." i#This i#model i#is i#which i#of i#the i#following?
normative i#model
i#descriptive i#model
i#decision-tree
i#model
strategic i#model i#- i#normative i#model
The i#oldest i#model i#of i#decision i#making i#is i#the i#normative i#model. i#The i#normative
i#model i#for i#decision i#making, i#however, i#is i#unrealistic i#because i#it i#assumes i#that i#there
i#are i#clear-cut i#choices i#between i#identified i#alternatives.
i# i# i#
answers| graded a+
i# i# i#
Adult i#gerontology i#clinical i#nurse i#specialists i#are i#talking i#about i#the i#ability i#to i#produce
i#an i#effect. i#What i#term i#best i#describes i#what i#they i#are i#talking i#about?
a. Marketing.
b. Budget.
c. Reimbursement.
d. Efficacy. i#- i#d. i#Efficacy
Efficacy i#is i#a i#concept i#that i#adult i#gerontology i#clinical i#nurse i#specialists i#should i#be
i#aware i#of. i#The i#word i#efficacy i#is i#used i#to i#describe i#the i#ability i#to i#produce i#an i#effect.
i#More i#directly, i#it i#means i#the i#ability i#of i#an i#intervention i#or i#medication i#to i#produce
i#an i#expected i#outcome.
Frankie i#is i#a i#patient i#who i#has i#been i#diagnosed i#with i#pancreatitis. i#Which i#of i#the
i#following i#test i#results i#is i#most i#likely i#to i#be i#consistent i#with i#this i#diagnosis?
a. Lipase i#is i#lowered.
b. White i#blood i#count i#will i#be i#elevated i#if i#the i#pancreatitis i#is i#acute.
c. Bilirubin i#is i#grossly i#elevated.
d. Glucose i#may i#be i#severely i#decreased i#if i#pancreatitis i#is i#severe. i#- i#b. i#White i#blood
i#count i#will i#be i#elevated i#if i#the i#pancreatitis i#is i#acute.
White i#blood i#count i#will i#be i#elevated i#if i#the i#pancreatitis i#is i#acute. i#Lipase i#is i#elevated
i#in i#pancreatitis. i#Bilirubin i#is i#mildly i#elevated i#in i#20% i#of i#patients. i#Glucose i#may i#be
i#increased i#in i#severe i#pancreatitis.
Creating i#a i#culture i#amenable i#to i#innovation i#is i#necessarily i#based i#on i#the i#relative
i#understanding i#and i#application i#of i#equity i#within i#an i#organizational i#framework. i#Equity
i#is i#characterized i#by i#which i#of i#the i#following?
a. It i#is i#morality-based.
b. It i#reflects i#delegatory i#authority.
c. It i#is i#comprised i#of i#vertical i#relationships.
d. It i#is i#inclusive, i#suggesting i#ownership. i#- i#d. i#It i#is i#inclusive, i#suggesting i#ownership.
Equity i#is i#characterized i#by i#being i#inclusive, i#suggesting i#ownership. i#It i#is i#value-based,
i#reflects i#accountability i#and i#is i#comprised i#of i#horizontal i#relationship. i#Equity i#is i#also
i#characterized i#by i#equality i#in i#relationships.
Which i#of i#the i#following i#drugs, i#when i#mixed i#with i#aged i#cheese i#or i#cured i#meats
i#has i#a i#clinical i#implication i#for i#severe i#hypertensive i#reactions?
a. benzodiazepines
b. angiotensin-converting i#enzyme i#(ACE) i#inhibitors
c. warfarin
d. monoamine i#oxidase i#(MAO) i#inhibitors i#- i#d. i#monoamine i#oxidase i#(MAO) i#inhibitors
Clinically i#important i#drug-nutrient i#interactions i#between i#monoamine i#oxidase i#(MAO)
i#inhibitors i#and i#aged i#and i#cured i#cheese i#and i#meats i#can i#have i#implications i#that
i#produce
,severe i#hypertensive i#reactions. i#Other i#foods i#can i#produce i#a i#negative i#drug-
nutrient i#reaction i#with i#MAO i#inhibitors i#include i#banana i#peels, i#fava i#bean i#pods,
i#yeast i#extracts, i#sauerkraut i#or i#soy i#sauce, i#among i#others. i#Monoamine i#oxidase
i#found i#in i#the i#GI i#tract i#inactivates i#tyramine. i#Tyramine i#can i#cause i#hypertension
i#when i#absorbed i#into i#the i#systemic i#system.
Which i#of i#the i#following i#drugs i#for i#benign i#prostatic i#hypertrophy i#(BPH) i#requires i#up i#to
i#six i#months i#to i#be i#effective?
a. Minipress
b. Proscar
c. Hytrin
d. Cardura i#- i#b. i#Proscar
Proscar i#(finasteride) i#shrinks i#the i#prostate. i#It i#requires i#up i#to i#6 i#months i#to i#be
i#effective. i#The i#other i#drugs i#require i#a i#2 i#- i#3 i#month i#trial.
When i#controlling i#organizational i#costs, i#bringing i#the i#individuals' i#desires i#and i#the
i#organization's i#needs i#together i#is i#referred i#to i#as i#which i#of i#the i#following?
a. goal i#congruence
b. motivation
c. quality i#care
d. bonus i#effect i#- i#a. i#goal i#congruence
In i#order i#to i#be i#certain i#that i#the i#human i#beings i#will i#in i#fact i#want i#to i#control
i#organizational i#costs, i#the i#manager i#needs i#to i#make i#sure i#that i#it i#is i#somehow i#in
i#their i#direct i#best i#interests i#for i#costs i#to i#be i#controlled. i#The i#key i#is i#to i#establish i#some
i#way i#that i#the i#normally i#divergent i#desires i#of i#both i#are i#congruent. i#This i#is i#goal
i#congruence.
There i#are i#a i#number i#of i#normal i#aging i#changes i#that i#a i#health i#care i#professional i#must
i#recognize i#in i#a i#patient. i#Which i#of i#the i#following i#is i#NOT i#a i#normal i#aging i#change?
a. Older i#adults i#often i#experience i#an i#increased i#pulse i#pressure.
b. There i#is i#a i#decreased i#amount i#of i#blood i#pumped i#throughout i#the i#circulatory i#system.
c. Premature i#contractions i#and i#arrhythmias i#may i#occur.
d. Older i#adults i#often i#experience i#higher i#diastolic i#pressure. i#- i#d. i#Older i#adults
i#often i#experience i#higher i#diastolic i#pressure.
Older i#adults i#often i#experience i#lower i#diastolic i#pressure. i#Blood i#flow i#is i#slower. i#Low
i#diastolic i#pressure i#is i#a i#risk i#for i#cerebrovascular i#accidents i#or i#strokes.
The i#system i#that i#allows i#managers i#to i#make i#financial i#decisions i#and i#adjustments
i#through i#computer i#modeling i#that i#uses i#real-time i#data i#is i#which i#of i#the i#following?
a. prospective i#payment i#system
b. diagnosis i#related i#groups
c. decision i#support i#system
d. capitation i#- i#c. i#decision i#support i#system
,Decision i#support i#systems i#allow i#managers i#to i#make i#financial i#decisions i#and
i#adjustments i#through i#computer i#modeling i#that i#uses i#real-time i#data. i#Computer-
generated i#financial i#forecasting i#allows i#organizations i#to i#develop i#alternative
i#scenarios i#on i#the i#basis i#of i#the i#interplay i#among i#numerous i#variables.
Which i#of i#the i#following i#is i#NOT i#an i#instructional i#strategy?
a. role i#modeling
b. mini i#in-service
c. evidence-based i# practice
d. critical i#incident i#- i#c. i#evidence-based i#practice
Evidence-based i#practice i#is i#not i#an i#instructional i#strategy; i#it i#is i#a i#decision-making
i#strategy. i#Other i#instructional i#strategies i#include i#rounds i#and i#family i#as i#"faculty."
In i#terms i#of i#intrarenal i#autoregulation, i#to i#prevent i#large i#changes i#in i#GFR, i#mean
i#arterial i#pressure i#is i#maintained i#at i#which i#of i#the i#following?
a. 0 i#- i#40 i#mm i#Hg
b. 40 i#- i#80 i#mm i#Hg
c. 80 i#to i#180 i#mm i#Hg
d. 180 i#- i#280 i#mm i#Hg i#- i#c. i#80 i#to i#180 i#mm i#Hg
As i#a i#general i#principle i#of i#intrarenal i#autoregulation, i#mean i#arterial i#pressure i#(MAP)
i#is i#maintained i#in i#a i#range i#of i#80 i#to i#180 i#mm i#Hg i#to i#prevent i#large i#changes i#in i#GFR.
i#The i#major i#site i#of i#autoregulation i#is i#the i#afferent i#arteriole.
Which i#of i#the i#following i#is i#the i#most i#commonly i#reported i#illness i#among i#older i#adults?
a. osteoarthritis
b. constipation
c. osteoporosis
d. dementia i#- i#a. i#osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis i#is i#the i#most i#commonly i#reported i#illness i#among i#older i#adults. i#It i#is i#a
i#type i#of i#arthritis i#that i#occurs i#when i#flexible i#tissue i#at i#the i#ends i#of i#bones i#wears
i#down. i#It i#is i#more i#likely i#to i#occur i#in i#the i#weight i#bearing i#joints, i#especially i#the i#hips
i#and i#knees.
When i#the i#clinical i#nurse i#specialist i#has i#the i#job i#of i#acting i#as i#a i#mentor i#assisting
i#with i#socialization i#of i#a i#novice i#nurse i#during i#orientation, i#he i#or i#she i#is i#known i#as
i#which i#of i#the i#following?
a. coach
b. preceptor
c. role i#model
d. transitioner i#- i#b. i#preceptor
Being i#a i#preceptor i#means i#that i#an i#experienced i#person i#acts i#as i#mentor i#for i#a i#new
i#nurse, i#assisting i#with i#the i#new i#nurse's i#orientation. i#Preceptor i#programs i#have
i#gained i#popularity i#as i#a i#means i#to i#socialize i#the i#novice i#nurse i#into i#the
i#profession.
In i#terms i#of i#statistical i#analysis, i#addressing i#it i#as i#the i#likelihood i#of i#accurately
i#predicting i#an i#event i#or i#the i#extent i#of i#an i#effect i#is i#which i#of i#the i#following?
, classical i#hypothesis i#testing
i#probability i#theory
measures i#of i#central i#tendency
i#kurtosis i#- i#probability i#theory
Probability i#theory i#addresses i#statistical i#analysis i#as i#the i#likelihood i#of i#accurately
i#predicting i#an i#event i#or i#the i#extent i#of i#an i#effect. i#Nurse i#researchers i#might i#be
i#interested i#in i#the i#probability i#of i#a i#particular i#nursing i#outcome i#in i#a i#particular
i#patient i#care i#situation.
Probability i#is i#expressed i#as i#a i#lowercase i#p.
Your i#patient i#tells i#you i#that i#he i#has i#large i#red i#nodules i#in i#the i#pit i#of i#his i#arm. i#He
i#tells i#you i#that i#he i#has i#had i#them i#before i#and i#they i#have i#resolved i#but i#now i#they i#are
i#draining i#pus. i#You i#understand i#that i#this i#person i#has i#which i#of i#the i#following?
early i#Lyme i#disease
i#pityriasis i#rosea
i#scabies
hidradenitis i#suppurativa i#- i#hidradenitis i#suppurativa
Hidradenitis i#suppurativa i#is i#a i#chronic i#scarring i#skin i#disease i#that i#affects i#the
i#apocrine i#glands. i#Treatment i#includes i#antibiotics i#to i#reduce i#inflammation, i#fight
i#infection, i#prevent i#HS i#from i#worsening, i#and i#stop i#new i#breakouts, i#and
i#corticosteroids i#to i#reduce i#inflammation i#which i#can i#help i#clear i#HS i#and i#prevent
i#new i#breakouts.
An i#adult i#gerontology i#clinical i#nurse i#specialist i#knows, i#that i#with i#age, i#people i#change
i#in i#which i#of i#the i#following i#ways?
In i#physical i#ways i#only.
i#Biological i#ways.
Psychological i # ways.
Both i#biological i#and i#psychological i#ways. i#- i#Both i#biological i#and i#psychological i#ways
An i#adult i#gerontology i#clinical i#nurse i#specialist i#knows, i#that i#with i#age, i#people
i#change i#in i#both i#biological i#and i#psychological i#ways. i#Nurses i#can i#recommend
i#lifestyle i#changes i#that i#can i#help i#decrease i#the i#effects i#of i#aging.
The i#oldest i#model i#of i#decision i#making i#is i#assumed i#to i#maximize i#satisfaction i#and
i#fulfills i#the i#"perfect i#knowledge i#assumption: i#that i#in i#any i#given i#situation i#calling i#for
i#a i#decision, i#all i#possible i#choices i#and i#consequences i#and i#potential i#outcome i#of
i#each i#are i#known." i#This i#model i#is i#which i#of i#the i#following?
normative i#model
i#descriptive i#model
i#decision-tree
i#model
strategic i#model i#- i#normative i#model
The i#oldest i#model i#of i#decision i#making i#is i#the i#normative i#model. i#The i#normative
i#model i#for i#decision i#making, i#however, i#is i#unrealistic i#because i#it i#assumes i#that i#there
i#are i#clear-cut i#choices i#between i#identified i#alternatives.
