COFC GEOLOGY 105 LAB FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWER | A VERIFIED A+ PASS.

COFC GEOLOGY 105 LAB FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWER | A VERIFIED A+ PASS. "Halite & gypsum - CORRECT ANSWER Part of Evaporites - Form as the water in the original solution evaporates and leaves the sediment (in this case, salt) behind - Chemical sedimentary rocks Forms in desert conditions in shallow marine basins, or along coastal tidal flats" "Stalactite/Stalagmite - CORRECT ANSWER found in caves - chemical sed. rocks" "Varved Shale - CORRECT ANSWER Formed in glacial enviorment Each varve represents a sequence of annual deposits" "Mudcracks - CORRECT ANSWER Mud Cracks form only in clay and siltstone; Silt/clay is typically rich in water by volume and shrinks as it dehydrates - making cracks form" "Varves - CORRECT ANSWER Light-dark seasonal bands in shale or siltstone, and are deposited in shallow bodies of water" "Crossbeds - CORRECT ANSWER consists of inclined "lines" that slant at an angle; They are typically only preserved in sandstone Cross bedding forms when a sand dune migrates. Sand grains are blown up the windward (upwind) side of the dune, and pile up at the crest. When it becomes too steep, a little sand avalanche happens. Each little avalanche produces one of those 'slanty' lines in the sandstone you see!" "Ripple marks - CORRECT ANSWER in lakeshore environments, at edges where water is shallow/drying up" "What types of faults would be associated with divergent plate boundaries? - CORRECT ANSWER Normal faults" "What type of plate motion occurs at transform plate boundaries? - CORRECT ANSWER plates slide past each other" "What type of fault is found at transform plate boundaries? - CORRECT ANSWER Strike-slip" "At what type of plate boundary are folds most likely to be found? - CORRECT ANSWER Convergent plate boundary" "Name the two types of folds - CORRECT ANSWER Anticline, syncline" "Differences between anticline and syncline - CORRECT ANSWER In cross-section, an anticline will always look like an arch, and a syncline will always look like a trough" "Footwall vs hanging wall (Reverse Fault) - CORRECT ANSWER " "Footwall vs hanging wall (Normal Fault) - CORRECT ANSWER " "Horizontal Bedding - CORRECT ANSWER structures are parallel with sedimentary bedding" "After 1 half life how much has the parent decayed - CORRECT ANSWER 50%" "After 2 half lives, how much does the parent have left? - CORRECT ANSWER 25%" "Sedimentary layers are usually deposited in what beds - CORRECT ANSWER Horizontal" "What is the difference between relative age and numeric age? - CORRECT ANSWER Relative age establishes the order of past geological events while numeric age finds the absolute specific age" "Transgression - CORRECT ANSWER Sea level rises" "Regression - CORRECT ANSWER Sea level is falling" "Relationship between coarsening vs fining upward - CORRECT ANSWER Fining upward means grain size is decreasing upward, coarsening upward means that the grain size is increasing upward To deposit coarser, energy must be higher (faster flowing water) than the energy to deposit fine grains" "Fill in the blank: Beach, Dunes, Shallow Marine, Offshore, Deep Ocean - CORRECT ANSWER Top Left Arrow: Beach Top Right Arrow: Dunes Bottom Left: Shallow Marine Bottom Mid: Offshore Bottom Right: Deep Ocean" "Adjacent depositional environments when sea level rises - CORRECT ANSWER When sea level rises the environment will start as a beach and then become an offshore tide flat" "Fossiliferous limestone containing several different types of fossils (crinoid stem, bryozoan, bivalve, and gastropod). Together these fossils make up a fossil assemblage. What type of environment did this rock most likely form in - CORRECT ANSWER Shallow marine" "Which of the following is the geologic range of the gastropod - CORRECT ANSWER Ordovician and silurian" "Which of the following fossils would be the best index fossil - CORRECT ANSWER Bryozoan" "Concurrent Range - CORRECT ANSWER The time period during which a group of fossils all lived at the same time (or are all found together in the fossil record)" "Population - CORRECT ANSWER The smallest unit that can evolve Group of interbreeding individuals belonging to a particular species, sharing a common geographic area" "Evolution - CORRECT ANSWER the cumulative changes that occur in a population over time" "Natural Selection (4 Processes) - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Genetic variation 2. Overproduction of offspring 3. Struggle for existence 4. Differential survival and reproduction" "What is Natural Selection - CORRECT ANSWER the simple result of variation, differential reproduction, and heredity — it is mindless and mechanistic Selection acts on that variation in a very non-random way: genetic variants that aid survival and reproduction are much more likely to become common than variants that don't" "Is natural selection random? - CORRECT ANSWER NO" "Darwin's Finches - Why was this study important? - CORRECT ANSWER Told us that beak size is related to feeding strategies and reproduction" "When sea level falls.... - CORRECT ANSWER Parts of the oceanic crust emerge from the water" "Compared to the deepest part of the ocean, are the seas created by flooding the continental crust shallow or deep? - CORRECT ANSWER Shallow" "will more shallow seas lead to HIGH or LOW biodiversity? - CORRECT ANSWER HIGH" "What are banded iron formations (BIF's) mostly made of - CORRECT ANSWER Iron" "Where did the oxygen come from that led to the formation of the red bands? - CORRECT ANSWER Micros from cyanobacteria" "Would we expect to see more or fewer shallow seas with more mid-ocean ridges? - CORRECT ANSWER Fewer" "Would more mid-ocean ridges lead to higher or lower biodiversity - CORRECT ANSWER Higher" "What part of the Brachiopod is preserved? - CORRECT ANSWER Soft body imprint" "Trilobites are arthropods. What part of the Trilobite is preserved? - CORRECT ANSWER Exoskeleton" "What part of the Opabinia and Pikaia is preserved? - CORRECT ANSWER Soft body imprints" "What is the process by which bones and shells are replaced by minerals called? - CORRECT ANSWER Permineralization" "Name three minerals that commonly replace organic matter in fossils - CORRECT ANSWER Pyrite, calcium phosphate and phosphate" "What types of fossils do you think are the most likely to be preserved? - CORRECT ANSWER - Internal skeleton - Exoskeleton - Shell" "Synapsid vs Diapsid skulls - CORRECT ANSWER Diapsid has two openings and synapsid has one" "By the end of the Permian, what supercontinent has formed? - CORRECT ANSWER Pangea" "By the end of the Permian, what does sea level look like? HIGH or LOW - CORRECT ANSWER LOW" "Are there more or fewer shallow seas? MORE or FEWER - CORRECT ANSWER MORE" "how did climate has changed since the Carboniferous? - CORRECT ANSWER Warmer & wetter" "Euparkeria skull type - CORRECT ANSWER Synapsid" "Which one is an ancestor of modern reptiles? Euparkeria or Dimetrodon - CORRECT ANSWER Euparkeria" "Which one is an ancestor of modern mammals? Euparkeria or Dimetrodon - CORRECT ANSWER Dimetrodon" "Cynodont skull type - CORRECT ANSWER Synapsid" "Mammal skull type - CORRECT ANSWER Synapsid" "Do all dinos have diapsid skulls? What other animals have them - CORRECT ANSWER YES - ALL reptiles are also diapsid" "Dimetrodon skull type - CORRECT ANSWER Synapsid" "Are Dimetrodons, Pterosaurs, and/or cynodonts dinosaurs? Why/why not? What are they and why are they significant? - CORRECT ANSWER DIMETRODON: Became extinct before dinosaurs evolved more closely related to living mammals Synapsid PTEROSAURS: Flying reptiles, lived amoung dinos, but were not related Cynodonts also closer to mammals than dinos. Synapsid" "What characteristics do modern birds have that dinosaurs do not? Why? - CORRECT ANSWER Agile beaks, and ability to fly" "largest mass extinction in earth's history - CORRECT ANSWER the end of the Permian period" "Why did the permian period end and what was the result - CORRECT ANSWER siberian traps, a massive flood basalt erupted covered over 2 million kilos with lava and volcanic ash Resulted in marine ecosystems dominated by snails, urchins, crabs and crinoids" "Ornithischian Dino Groups - CORRECT ANSWER Thyreophora Omithopoda Marginocephalia" "Saurischian Dino Groups - CORRECT ANSWER Theropoda Sauropodomorpha" "Which hip is this? - CORRECT ANSWER Tyrannosaurus" "Which hip is this? - CORRECT ANSWER Allosaurus" "Which dino hip is this? - CORRECT ANSWER Archaeopteryx" "Whose hip is this? - CORRECT ANSWER Velociraptor" "Is Pterosaurs a dino? - CORRECT ANSWER NO! Closely related to reptiles, went extinct at the end of Cretaceous - largest animal ever known to fly" "Are mosasaurs dinos - CORRECT ANSWER NO! Reptiles closely related to snakes and lizards - died off at the end of the cretaceous" "CONVERGENT EVOLUTION vs BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION - CORRECT ANSWER Convergent: When organisms that are not closely related develop similar traits due to living in similar ecosystems or ecological niches Biological: The descent of different speciesfrom a common ancestor overmany generations. The samestructures are simply modifiedthrough time for differentfunctions and are thereforehomologous" "Homologous Structures vs Analogous Structures - CORRECT ANSWER Homo: Features shared by different groups of organisms because it was inherited from a common ancestor Ana: Similar structures that appear in groups of organisms due to convergent evolution" "Changes in whale skull - CORRECT ANSWER Nostrils moved to the top of the skull (to form the blowhorn) Skull became longer Bones changed to allow for underwater hearing (echolocation)" "What does IRD stand for? - CORRECT ANSWER Ice rafted debris" "Foraminifera - CORRECT ANSWER Calcite shells of single-celled organisms" "How to calculate total grans of IRD's and forums - CORRECT ANSWER Add # of foram grains and IRD grains" "how to calculate percent of forum grains - CORRECT ANSWER # of forum grains divided by total grains" "how to calculate percent of IRD grains - CORRECT ANSWER # of IRD grains divided by the total grains" "how to determine if IRD is present? - CORRECT ANSWER If the percent of IRD grains is 10% or higher it IS present" "What type of plate boundary exists along the East African Rift? - CORRECT ANSWER Divergent plate boundary" "What was the climate like before the formation of the mountain range called the "Wall of Africa" - CORRECT ANSWER It was warm, moist" "What was the climate like after the formation of the mountain range called the "Wall of Africa" - CORRECT ANSWER Ocean moisture was blocked - tropical land became woodland and climate dried" "Meat is a more energy dense food than plants, so it provides more energy for brain activity than plants. Which do you think came first: TEETH, JAWS, & SAGITTAL CREST or BRAIN SIZE or DIET - CORRECT ANSWER DIET" "Is the brain size of Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens neanderthalensis (who lived in cold climates) larger? Why do you think that might be? Think about the food resources available in cold climates and the calorie requirements to stay warm? - CORRECT ANSWER Neanderthals had larger brains than Homo sapiens, but that was probably because they were slightly larger than us + They needed to eat more meat to stay warmer (more body fat)" "How does the position of the foramen magnum (the hole in the back of the cranium where the spine attaches) relate to the body posture (bipedal vs. quadrupedal) - CORRECT ANSWER Bipeds walk upright, so the spinal column is more or less directly underneath the center of the cranium. As a result, the spinal cord enters the cranium via the foramen magnum more centrally than that of a quadruped" "Did Australopithecus afarensis walk upright or not? - CORRECT ANSWER upright" "Pan troglodytes (chimpanzee): i. Pelvis width: Narrow or Wide ? ii. Femur length: Short or Long ? iii. Angle between the hip and the knee: Straight or Angled? - CORRECT ANSWER Pelvis: Narrow Femur: Short Angle between: straight" "Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy - refer to bones and poster): i. Pelvis width: Narrow or Wide ? ii. Femur length: Short or Long ? iii. Angle between the hip and the knee: Straight or Angled? - CORRECT ANSWER Pelvis: wide Femur: short Angle: angled" "Homo sapiens (modern human): i. Pelvis width: Narrow or Wide ? ii. Femur length: Short or Long ? iii. Angle between the hip and the knee: Straight or Angled? - CORRECT ANSWER Pelvis: Wide Femur: Long Angle: Angled" "Was Lucy bipedal? Why or why not? - CORRECT ANSWER Yes because she had an angle between the hip and knee" "what factors affect hominid evolution and HOW do the characteristics of hominids change as a result? - CORRECT ANSWER decrease in both overall body size and brain size as well as a reduction in jaw and tooth proportions" "Where would we find mudcracks - CORRECT ANSWER at edges of drying lakes, in fully dried-up lakes -indicate drying wet environment and changing climatic conditions" "where would we find varves - CORRECT ANSWER in lakes where seasonal deposition of land-derived sediments alternating with biologic sediments are deposited" "where would we find cross beds - CORRECT ANSWER in desert or beach sand dunes" "where would we find plant fossils - CORRECT ANSWER warm swamp, marshes, bogs or wetland areas with high amounts of vegetation" shale - CORRECT ANSWER sediment: mud depositional environment: wet, marsh/swamp/lake/deep ocean" "conglomerate - CORRECT ANSWER sediment: unsorted depositional environment: alluvial fan/river" "varved shale - CORRECT ANSWER sedimentary structure: varves sediment: mud/silt depositional environment: lakes" "coquina - CORRECT ANSWER - sedimentary rock made from fossilized seashells stuck together - high energy - shallow ocean" "fossiliferous shale - CORRECT ANSWER sedimentary structure: mud sediment: mud depositional environment: marsh/deep ocean" "coal - CORRECT ANSWER sediment: carbon depositional environment: marsh/swamp" "limestone - CORRECT ANSWER a sedimentary rock consisting mainly of calcium that was deposited by the remains of marine animals" "fossil coral - CORRECT ANSWER " "sandstone - CORRECT ANSWER sediment: sand depositional environment: desert/coast" "peat - CORRECT ANSWER sediment: carbon depositional environment: bogs" "fossiliferous limestone - CORRECT ANSWER sedimentary structure: fossil sediment: marine fossils/carbonate mud depositional environment: shallow ocean" "siltstone - CORRECT ANSWER sediment: silt depositional environment: shallow ocean" "halite - CORRECT ANSWER sediment: evaporite depositional environment: salt lake" "cross-bedded sandstone - CORRECT ANSWER sedimentary structure: crossbeds sediment: sand depositional environment: desert/coast" "gypsum - CORRECT ANSWER sediment: evaporite depositional environment: where water evaporates" "chalk - CORRECT ANSWER sediment: organic material depositional environment: deep ocean" "syncline/anticline - CORRECT ANSWER formed by compression anti: up-fold syn: down-fold" "normal fault - CORRECT ANSWER " "reverse fault - CORRECT ANSWER - when footwall goes down & hanging goes up - convergent plate boundary" "thrust fault - CORRECT ANSWER when footwall and hanging slide past each other" "unconformities - CORRECT ANSWER A break in the geologic record created when rock layers are eroded or when sediment is not deposited for a long period of time." "stenos laws - CORRECT ANSWER superposition, original horizontality, lateral continuity" "superposition - CORRECT ANSWER the principle that in undisturbed rock layers, the oldest rocks are on the bottom" "original horizontality - CORRECT ANSWER layers of sediment are originally deposited horizontally under the action of gravity" "Lateral Continuity - CORRECT ANSWER Principle that states that an original sedimentary layer extends laterally until it tapers or thins at its edges." "half-lifes - CORRECT ANSWER parent starts at 100% and then divide by 2 going down. - ie. 1 'half-life' = 50% parent, 2 = 25% parent, 3 = 12.5% parent, etc. (as parent goes down, daughter goes up)" "determining age of rock from half-life - CORRECT ANSWER if a rocks half-life is 200 million years old and 3 half-lifes are depicted, multiply # by how many half-lifes are shown... 200 x 3 = 600 year old rock" "Dikes - CORRECT ANSWER a structure built to prevent ocean waters from flooding adjacent land" "Nonconformity - CORRECT ANSWER A type of unconformity in which layered sedimentary rocks lie on an erosion surface cut into igneous or metamorphic rocks" "Disconformity - CORRECT ANSWER a type of unconformity in which the sedimentary layers above and below the unconformity are parallel" "angular disconformity - CORRECT ANSWER horizontal layers of sedimentary rock; often tilted and uplifted" "transgression - CORRECT ANSWER sea level rises, shoreline moves higher to land" "regression - CORRECT ANSWER sea level falls, areas of sea-level are now exposed above sea level" "fining-upward - CORRECT ANSWER transgression; energy to deposit heavier/coarser grains must be lower than the energy to deposit finer grains (grain size is decreasing upward)" "coarsening-upward - CORRECT ANSWER regression; energy to deposit heavier/coarser grains must be higher than energy to deposit finer grains (grain size is increasing upward)" "coastal environment impacts of sea level rise - CORRECT ANSWER erosion of beaches, flooding of marshes/wetlands, increase salinity damaging plant/animal ecosystems" "geologic range - CORRECT ANSWER The geologic time span between the first and last appearance of an organism." "concurrent range - CORRECT ANSWER "overlap" of geologic range of fossils found in rock/sediment layer" "graded bedding - CORRECT ANSWER Bedding in which the particle sizes become progressively heavier and coarser toward the bottom layers" "mud cracks - CORRECT ANSWER form when fine-grained sediments at the bottom of a shallow body of water are exposed to the air and dry out depositional environment: drying lake beds" "cross-bedding - CORRECT ANSWER forms as inclined layers of sediment are carried forward across a horizontal surface depositional environment: desert/beach" "striations - CORRECT ANSWER Long parallel scars in rocks carved by rock fragments being dragged across them by a glacier" "varves - CORRECT ANSWER Layers found in sedimentary rocks that show seasonal variations (light and dark bands)" "asymmetrical ripple marks - CORRECT ANSWER - formed by one-directional currents" "symmetrical ripple marks - CORRECT ANSWER - current direction was back and fourth" "When sea level rises, what happens to continental crust? - CORRECT ANSWER Parts of the continental crust are submerged under water" "Will there be more shallow seas when sea level is HIGH or LOW? - CORRECT ANSWER high" "Do shallow seas lead to HIGH or LOW biodiversity? - CORRECT ANSWER High" "When is biodiversity highest? - CORRECT ANSWER In a warm environment with lots of food available; sea level high" "Would more mid-ocean ridges cause a HIGHER or LOWER biodiversity? - CORRECT ANSWER lower; they cause sea level to fall" "Synapsid - CORRECT ANSWER a lineage of amniotes that gave rise to mammals; characterized by skulls that have a single hole behind the eye socket" "What are the reptile lineages based on skull-types that descended from amphibians? - CORRECT ANSWER anapsid: turtles diapsid: snakes, lizards, crocodiles, dinosaurs" "What type of dinosaur is the direct ancestor to birds? Why? - CORRECT ANSWER - theropods - saurischian dinosaurs - lizard-hipped, bipedal" "What characteristics do early birds and dinosaurs share? - CORRECT ANSWER - air-filled bones - bipedal - feathers - beak" "Diapsid - CORRECT ANSWER lizards, snakes, dinosaurs, crocodiles, and birds, two holes behind eye socket" "What are Dimetrodons, Pterosaurs, and cynodonts, and why are they significant? - CORRECT ANSWER - they are synapsids - they are ancestors to mammals" "How to identify stegosaurus: - CORRECT ANSWER - ornithischian - herbivore - plate weapons - thyreophora" "How to identify Ankylosaurus: - CORRECT ANSWER - ornithischians - herbivores - armor weapons - thyreophora" "How to identify Pachycephalosaurus: - CORRECT ANSWER - ornithischians - herbivores - head dome - marginocephelia" "How to identify Triceratops: - CORRECT ANSWER - ornithischians - herbivores - head frill - marginocephelia" "How to identify Parasaurolophus: - CORRECT ANSWER - ornithischians - herbivores - voice - ornithopoda" "How to identify Iguanodon: - CORRECT ANSWER - ornithischians - herbivores - thumb - ornithopoda" "How to identify Apatosaurus: - CORRECT ANSWER - saurischians - herbivores - long neck - sauropods" "How to identify Camarasaurus: - CORRECT ANSWER - saurischians - herbivores - long neck - sauropods" "How to identify Allosaurus: - CORRECT ANSWER - saurischians - carnivores - bipedal - theropods" "How to identify Velociraptor: - CORRECT ANSWER - saurischians - carnivores - bipedal - theropods" "How to identify Archaeopteryx: - CORRECT ANSWER - wings - early bird ancestor - transitional to birds" "How to identify Confuciusornis: - CORRECT ANSWER - wings - first bird - transitional to birds" "Ornithischian Dinosaurs - CORRECT ANSWER bird hipped, pubis points forward" "Saurichian Dinosaurs - CORRECT ANSWER lizard hipped, pubis points backwards" "Dinosaurs in Thyreophora - CORRECT ANSWER stegosaurus and ankylosaurus" "Dinosaurs in Marginocephelia - CORRECT ANSWER pachycephhlosaurus and triceratops" "Dinosaurs in Ornithopoda - CORRECT ANSWER parasaurolophus and iguanodon" "Dinosaurs in Sauropods - CORRECT ANSWER apatosaurus and camarasaurus" "Dinosaurs in Theropods - CORRECT ANSWER allosaurus and velociraptor" "Transitional to Bird Dinosaurs - CORRECT ANSWER archaeopteryx and confuciusornis" "How many different kinds of teeth do modern mammals have? - CORRECT ANSWER 3" "Was biodiversity high or low during the Cenozoic? - CORRECT ANSWER high" "The Cenozoic is known as the age of ________ - CORRECT ANSWER mammals" "What do different types of teeth tell you about mammals' feeding habits? - CORRECT ANSWER - carnivores have large canines for ripping - herbivores have large, flat molars and small canines - omnivores have a combination" "What characteristics do modern birds have that dinosaurs do not? - CORRECT ANSWER " "What trends develop throughout tetrapods and reptiles? In which groups do the trends first develop? - CORRECT ANSWER " "What does the presence of IRD tell you about the climate? - CORRECT ANSWER It was cold" "Features of Australopithecus aferensis skull - CORRECT ANSWER age ~3.9-4.0 mya cranial capacity avg - 438 brow ridge - medium sagittal crest - present jaw shape - box size of molars - large" "Features of Australopithecus aethiopicus skull - CORRECT ANSWER age ~2.7 mya cranial capacity avg - 410 brow ridge - large sagittal crest - present jaw shape - box size of molars - large" "Features of Australopithecus boisei skull - CORRECT ANSWER age ~2.3 mya cranial capacity avg - 521 brow ridge - large sagittal crest - present jaw shape - box size of molars - large" "Features of Homo dragster skull - CORRECT ANSWER age ~1.9 mya cranial capacity avg - 900 brow ridge - large sagittal crest - absent jaw shape - intermediate size of molars - medium" "Features of Homo erectus skull - CORRECT ANSWER age ~1.8 mya cranial capacity avg - 1100 brow ridge - large sagittal crest - absent jaw shape - U-shaped size of molars - medium" "Features of Homo heidelbergensis skull - CORRECT ANSWER age ~800,000 ybp cranial capacity avg - 1200 brow ridge - large sagittal crest - absent jaw shape - box-shape size of molars - small" "Features of Homo sapiens neanderthalensis skull - CORRECT ANSWER age ~200,000 ybp cranial capacity avg -1450 brow ridge - medium sagittal crest - absent jaw shape - U-shape size of molars - small" "Features of Homo sapiens skull - CORRECT ANSWER age ~130,000 ybp cranial capacity avg -1350 brow ridge - small sagittal crest - absent jaw shape - U-shape size of molars - small" "How does diet affect brain capacity? - CORRECT ANSWER Incorporating meat into the diet allowed for more brain capacity (more resting energy allocated to brain)" "What were the restrictions on how plants could spread? - CORRECT ANSWER Gravity: pulling their limbs downward when they needed to reach up for sunlight to perform photosynthesis and build limb support, the amount of clouds from volcanoes," "How do we know that tetrapod fish (lobe-finned fish) were related to amphibians? - CORRECT ANSWER The fossil record provides evidence of the first tetrapods: now-extinct amphibian species dating to nearly 400 million years ago. Evolution of tetrapods from fishes represented a significant change in body plan from one suited to organisms that respired and swam in water, to organisms that breathed air and moved onto land" "Marcellus shale was deposited behind the Acadian mountains, why? - CORRECT ANSWER -deposited behind the Acadian mountains in middle Devonian period (390 million years ago) -formation of Acadian mountains -collision of Avalon and north america causes Appalachian basin to subside -sediment accumulates very slowly -deep water means poor circulation -oxygen is depleted at sea floor -low sediment accumulation rate and low oxygen allows organic matter from dead algae, plankton, etc. to be preserved in high concentrations---> created an oozy material aka the gas" "Why did the Appalachian orogeny produce coal and not oil shales? - CORRECT ANSWER Because with the rise of sea level the trees were buried, which eventually lead to swamps and formation of coal" "The Mississippian/Pennsylvanian used to be known as the Carboniferous referring to carbon—where was the carbon? - CORRECT ANSWER lush swamps laid down coal deposits. Ice sheets/ glacial periods interchanged. Euroamerica moved closer to Gondwana to slowly form Pangea. The CO2 and O2 levels fluctuated. Pan thalassic ocean was to the left of Pangea. Plants had evolved and animals diversified due to the lack of continental barriers and other factors. Amphibians and early reptiles." "Milankovich cycles affect us more during cooler time periods, what are they? What result to they have on climate (vacillating)? - CORRECT ANSWER many factors control the amount of solar radiation reaching Earth's surface which in turn influences it's climate. The Earth's tilt and orbit creates seasonal climates." "What advantages do reptiles have over amphibians - CORRECT ANSWER Reptiles don't need water for eggs, can thermoregulate better, better skin for dry environment, improved hearing" "Why wouldn't reptiles have immediately dominated? - CORRECT ANSWER temperatures were too cold." "How do we know that some of these early reptiles would eventually evolve into mammals? - CORRECT ANSWER Mammals evolved from a group of reptiles called the synapsids. Hair." "What habitats were these early synapsid reptiles able to dominate that the amphibians couldn't? - CORRECT ANSWER Rose to dominance first - pelycosaurs were first land vertebrates to kill animals their own size -" "The Permian Triassic Extinction Event - CORRECT ANSWER Tectonically: Large amounts of continental collisions creating Pangea. In permian many glacial periodsDuring warmer interglacial periods rainforests were widespread. By the end of the Permian the glaciers disappeared and Pangea grew arid and dry. Rise in advanced synapsids, gave way to early cynodonts (mammal like conditioned animals w hair, skull, and limb placement.) Faster metabolism." "P-T Extinction event - CORRECT ANSWER Sinking inactive mid ocean ridges led to sea level falling. warm shallow seas became minimum and massive volcanic eruptions contributed to enviro instability and ecosystem collapse. Siberia's volcanic eruptions made magma/basalts/ash/gases/sulfuric dioxide caused oceans to become oxygen deprived and caused the P-T extinction of most marine species." "Event occurring on top of this gradual extinction- - CORRECT ANSWER Siberian Trap flood basalts, causing reefs to die out. How do the Siberian traps alter climate? -Puts large amounts of CO2 in atmosphere, also ash clouds block sun. Climate instability. How do they alter the chemistry of the oceans/rain?- Build-up of CO2 in deep water Acidic oceans" "Triassic Climate - CORRECT ANSWER rapid global warming higher levels of Carbon Dioxide." "What happens after the P-T extinction event? Who survives? What is happening to Pangea? What evidence do we have? - CORRECT ANSWER 95% of marine life dead, reptiles live on Who survives? Reptiles and mammals" "What form of reptile begins to dominate now? - CORRECT ANSWER dinosaurs, birds" "Why do they out-compete the surviving synapsids for the same ecological niches? - CORRECT ANSWER could withstand a variety of climates" "Leg stance- - CORRECT ANSWER Primitive ankles, Saurischian Hipped= long necked sauropoda (lizard hipped pubis bone points forwards). Ornithischian Hipped= "bird-hipped" pubis points backwards, T-rex. Birds actually evolved from saurischian." "How heavy are their bones? - CORRECT ANSWER Hollow and light" "Synapsids post P-T extinction - CORRECT ANSWER Sauropsids had two temporal openings in their skulls and were the ancestors of reptiles such as dinosaurs and birds. Synapsids, according to the fossil record, seemed to be more dominant than sauropsids. However, sauropsids seemed more capable of surviving the conditions that caused the Permian extinction and became more dominant than synapsids after the Permian." "Climate throughout the Mesozoic - CORRECT ANSWER The climate was warmer, the seasons were very mild, the sea level was higher, and there was no polar ice. ... The Mesozoic Era lasted about 180 million years, and is divided into three periods, the Triassic, the Jurassic, and the Cretaceous." "Pangea during the mesozoic - CORRECT ANSWER Starts to break apart into smaller continents; Laurasia and Gondwanaland during late Triassic. Caused by convention currents." "evidence that birds are actually dinosaur decendent - CORRECT ANSWER Similar hip structure- lizard hipped,What line of dinosaurs do they come from? -bird -hipped dinosaurs, Ornithischian.Feathers Bird Feet Nesting behavior Similar Arm Structure Air Sacks Light Hollow Bones Large Brain" "Dinosaurs warm or cold blooded? - CORRECT ANSWER Metabolic options. The main possibilities are that: Dinosaurs were cold-blooded, like modern reptiles, except that the large size of many would have stabilized their body temperatures. They were warm-blooded, more like modern mammals or birds than modern reptiles." "what kills off the dinosaurs? - CORRECT ANSWER Asteroid causing a major explosion and thick clouds to kick up over the earth. Heavy volcanic activity, ash and debris falling from the sky, burying organisms" "Evidence for extinction of dinosaurs. - CORRECT ANSWER Shocked quartz spread out over the globe" "who lives through the mass extinction event? - CORRECT ANSWER Small reptiles, and deep sea animals." "Why is it important that the asteroid hit near the equator? - CORRECT ANSWER The dust clouds were able to spread over the whole planet" "What would have happened if it hit near the poles? - CORRECT ANSWER The damage would have stayed within one hemisphere" "Why are primate's eyes forward? - CORRECT ANSWER to help them swing from trees" "Who normally has forward facing eyes? - CORRECT ANSWER predators" "Why could this be significant when thinking about being upright? - CORRECT ANSWER makes running faster" "Why do apes begin to walk upright? - CORRECT ANSWER Climate becomes arid and walking becomes necessary because food is scarce" "What advantages does walking upright have? - CORRECT ANSWER Spends less energy than on all fours that can be dedicated to expanding the brain" "Where is everyone descended from? - CORRECT ANSWER a single female in Africa" "Why did our canines get smaller? - CORRECT ANSWER We are not shredding as much, we use tools and are omnivores instead of carnivores" "Why is the addition of meat to the diet important? - CORRECT ANSWER Allows for a bigger brain" "How do large brains affect what we eat? - CORRECT ANSWER Large brains cause more diverse diets to supplement the energy needed" "Why do large muscles lead to hair-loss? - CORRECT ANSWER Muscles have ability to keep things warm, no need for hair any more." "Why do the modern humans survive the 45,000 ybp climate event and Neanderthals don't? - CORRECT ANSWER we have more babies and live longer" "When did the Rocky Mountains form? How did the Rocky Mountains form? - CORRECT ANSWER 145 million-55 million years ago,Number of plates started to slide under the North American plate Shallow subduction angle caused a broad belt of mountains" "We have a lot of fish/tetrapod fossils from the Devonian in West Virginia---what tectonic event made this a good place for tetrapods to evolve and get preserved? - CORRECT ANSWER Acadian Orogeny" "When were the first conifers? How do conifers spread? - CORRECT ANSWER Carboniferous period. 300 mya agoFirst plants whose pollen was spread by wind not water" "What do teeth tell us about how dinosaurs ate? - CORRECT ANSWER Large canines shows that a dinosaur was a carnivore, cuspids and molars show that they were an herbivore." "Why is the development of gymnosperms (flowering plants) so important? - CORRECT ANSWER Contain seeds that don't have a hard shell and are easier to eat." "Geologic time scale - CORRECT ANSWER " "Dating techniques - CORRECT ANSWER Radiometric: parent& daughter isotopes." "Formation of the Earth - CORRECT ANSWER the rocks and ice that shared the same orbit around the developing Sun the largest bodies in each ring attracted the most material and formed planetesimals. As these grew larger their gravitational pull formed a sphere shape, producing high energy impact heating& melting. The first 500 MY earths core and mantle consisted of molten iron and convections..." "Formation of the atmosphere - CORRECT ANSWER consisted of light gases hydrogen and helium, volcanic activity led to volatile gases. Amount of oxygen in atmosphere slowly inc. as microorganisms converted carbon dioxide into oxygen via photosynthesis, Clouds of water vapor condensed and precipitated forming surface water and eventually oceans." "Formation of oceans - CORRECT ANSWER waters reacted with carbon dioxide from atmosphere to deposit calcium and magnesium carbonates as limestone. Weathering of rocks on the first continents leached salts into the waters. Stromatolites formed by cyanobacteria indicate fully saline oceans existed around 3.5 BYA." "Divergent Boundaries - CORRECT ANSWER creates ridges and valleys, seafloor spreading" "Convergent Boundaries - CORRECT ANSWER oceanic-continental, new crust created, Mt.s and volcanoes created" "Volcanoes and Earthquakes - CORRECT ANSWER along plate boundaries, subduction zones." "Tectonics and life - CORRECT ANSWER convergence brings different organisms together in competition, while divergence separates groups to evolve new characteristics. Ex: Gondwana evolving life forms spread over the land mass, when split apart those organisms evolved in different ways." "Changing Climates - CORRECT ANSWER Evidence in the rock record, fossil record evidence, oxygen isotopes, orbital cycles (seasons via milankovich)" "warm phases - CORRECT ANSWER "greenhouse phase" Cretaceous period lush forests in Antarctica, shallow seas and arid near equator. nutrients for new life" "Cold phases - CORRECT ANSWER "glacial periods" ice ages. 2 major Precambrian ice ages= snowball earths." "Evolution - CORRECT ANSWER driven by natural selection; species producing most offspring will survive, i.e best adapted" "Mass Extinction - CORRECT ANSWER Big 5;" Which of the following is not a widely-accepted explanation for the Permo-Triassic Extinction? A) Eruption of the Siberian Traps B) Ocean acidification, anoxia, and euxinia, C) asteroid/comet (bolide) impact, or D) extreme greenhouse effect and atmospheric heating - CORRECT ANSWER C) Asteroid/comet (bolide) impact" "Which of the following best characterizes changes in climate during the Permian? A) Aridification, B) Humidification, C) Expansion of swamps, D) Global cooling - CORRECT ANSWER A) Aridification" "What is the significance of the "coal gap"? A) marks the sudden appearance of coal in the Triassic when the plants all died B) marks a global reduction in plant biomass after the extinction C) neither the Permian or Triassic have much coal D) the coal gap isn't real - CORRECT ANSWER B) Marks a global reduction in plant biomass after the extinction" "The Permo-Triassic extinction is the most severe mass extinction. How many in total are preserved in the fossil record? A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5 - CORRECT ANSWER D) 5" "Which change in terrestrial (nonmarine) sedimentation parallels the coal gap? A) change from reef to coquina limestone B) change from varved shale to fossiliferous shale C) change from meandering stream to braided stream deposits D) change from evaporites to aeolian sandstones - CORRECT ANSWER C) Change from meandering stream to braided stream deposits" "The Mesozoic Marine Revolution is thought to be driven by a diversification of marine predators capable of feeding on hard shelled invertebrates. What group of prey animals suffered greatly during the revolution? A) bivalves (clams, oysters) B) cephalopods (ammonoids, nautiloids) C) brachiopods D) crustaceans - CORRECT ANSWER C) Brachiopods" "Following on from question 1 - which sorts of adaptations were common amongst invertebrates as a response to this new predation pressure? A) thinner shells B) increased mobility and burrowing C) attachment to substrate D) filter feeding - CORRECT ANSWER B) Increased mobility and burrowing" "Which of the following groups of marine reptiles closely resembled a dolphin in body shape and rapid swimming style? A) ichthyosaurs B) plesiosaurs C) dinosaurs D) placodonts - CORRECT ANSWER A) Ichthyosaurs" "Mollusks and marine reptiles are two groups that radiated rapidly and dominated Mesozoic seas after the revolution began. Which of the following is the third major group? A) penguins B) bony fish (teleosts) C) brachiopods D) coral - CORRECT ANSWER B) Bony fish (teleosts)" "Placodonts had large crushing teeth to crack hard-shelled invertebrates. Which other Triassic marine vertebrate had similar clam-cracking teeth? A) pycnodont fish B) plesiosaurs C) ichthyosaurs D) acanthodians - CORRECT ANSWER A) Pycnodont fish" "Dinosaurs have two windows behind their eye socket. Which group do they belong to? A) Anapsida B) Synapsida C) Diapsida D) Euryapsida - CORRECT ANSWER C) Diapsida" "Archosaurs are the "ruling reptiles", and includes the following two modern groups? A) crocodilians and lizards B) lizards and snakes C) birds and crocodilians D) turtles and salamanders - CORRECT ANSWER C) birds and crocodilians" "Which of the following extinct groups are the closest immediate relatives of dinosaurs? A) pterosaurs (flying reptiles) B) phytosaurs (crocodile mimics) C) pareiasaurs ('cheek lizards') D) pelycosaurs (finbacks) - CORRECT ANSWER A) Pterosaurs (flying reptiles)" "Which other group of archosaurs were the main competitors of dinosaurs? A) Crurotarsi B) Crocodilia C) Sauropoda D) Ichthyosauria - CORRECT ANSWER A) Crurotarsi" "Which of the following anatomical features defines the Dinosauria? A) backwards pointing hips (pubis/ischium) B) forwards pointing pubis bone C) ring-shaped hip socket D) hollow bones - CORRECT ANSWER C) Ring-shaped hip socket" "Which of the following is a synapsid group that shares a close relationship with mammals? A) Phytosaurs B) Tritylodontids C) Archosaurs D) Crocodylia - CORRECT ANSWER B) Tritylodontids" "Mammals evolved from Cynodont synapids; a number of distinctive anatomical features defines the Mammalia (including you). Which of the following is not one of them? A) Two sets of teeth B) diverse skin glands C) two windows behind the eye socket D) middle ear bones/single bone in lower jaw - CORRECT ANSWER C) Two windows behind the eye socket" "In which geological period did the Atlantic begin to form (e.g. Pangea began to rift)? A) Permian B) Triassic C) Jurassic D) Cretaceous - CORRECT ANSWER C) Jurassic" "Which volcanic event is thought to be the most likely cause of the Triassic-Jurassic extinction? A) Siberian Traps B) Deccan Traps C) Central Atlantic Magmatic Province D) Columbia River Flood Basalts - CORRECT ANSWER C) Central Atlantic Magmatic Province" "Which of the following group names best describes birds/dinosaurs + mammals + crocodilians + lizards/snakes + turtles? A) Vertebrata B) Tetrapoda C) Amniotes D) Diapsida - CORRECT ANSWER C) Amniotes" "What is the difference between weather and climate? A) they are measured differently B) weather is local and climate is global C) both can be defined regionally (or globally) but are different time scales D) weather changes rapidly and climate change is always slow - CORRECT ANSWER C) Both can be defined regionally (or globally) but are different time scales **will NOT be on test**" "The change in the isotope 18O is perhaps the most important proxy for paleoclimate. Given that 16O tends to be locked up in ice sheets during glacial periods, which is true? A) 16O-enriched seawater dominant in cold periods B) 18O-enriched seawater dominant in cold periods C) both isotopes are equal during cold periods D) 18O-enriched seawater dominant in warm periods - CORRECT ANSWER B) O-18 enriched seawater dominant in cold periods" "Which of the following is not a good source of isotopic data? A) conglomerate B) coral C) ice D) varved mudrocks - CORRECT ANSWER A) Conglomerate" "Which of the following orbital characteristics is responsible for seasonality on earth? A) eccentricity B) axial tilt C) precession D) obliquity - CORRECT ANSWER B) Axial tilt" "Which of these does NOT contribute to sea level rise? A) continental ice sheets B) mountain glaciers C) sea ice D) global warming is a hoax invented by China - CORRECT ANSWER C) Sea ice" "Which of the following gave most immediately rise to birds? A) "amphibian"-like temnospondyls B) anapsids C) diapsids D) synapsids - CORRECT ANSWER C) Diapsids" "Which of the following species are birds most closely related to? A) Velociraptor B) Triceratops C) Brontosaurus D) Stegosaurus E) Pteranodon - CORRECT ANSWER A) Velociraptor" "Which of the following features evolved before flight? A) feathers B) wishbone C) three toed feet D) all of the above - CORRECT ANSWER D) All of the above" "Which other group of dinosaurs also possess pneumatized (hollow) bones? A) ceratopsians B) Dimetrodon C) sauropods D) ornithopods - CORRECT ANSWER C) Sauropods" "Which of the following is the oldest known bird? A) Confuciusornis B) Velociraptor C) ostrich D) archaeopteryx - CORRECT ANSWER D) Archaeopteryx" "What group of plants became widespread during the Cretaceous? A) Gymnosperms B) Angiosperms C) lycopods D) grasses - CORRECT ANSWER B) Angiosperms" "What rock type is the Cretaceous named for? A) coral limestone B) cretaliite C) chalk D) coal - CORRECT ANSWER C) Chalk" "What was the major reef-building organism during the Cretaceous? A) heteromorph ammonites B) foraminifera C) rudist clams D) stromatolites - CORRECT ANSWER C) Rudist clams" "Which of the following is NOT an ornithischian? A) duckbill dinosaurs (Hadrosauridae) B) horned dinosaurs (Ceratopsia) C) long-necked dinosaurs (Sauropods) D) armored dinosaurs (Thyreophora) - CORRECT ANSWER C) Long-necked dinosaurs (Sauropods)" "Mosasaurs are most closely related to which modern group of animals? A) Lizards & snakes (Squamates) B) turtles C) crocodiles D) whales & dolphins - CORRECT ANSWER A) Lizards and Snakes" "There was a dramatic reorganization of marine predators after the K/Pg extinction as a response to the loss of marine reptile predators. Which of the following did not happen? A) penguins evolved and radiated B) the first truly gigantic sharks evolved C) sharks radiated after the extinction D) bony fish radiated and sharks became less common - CORRECT ANSWER C) Sharks radiated after the extinction" "Virtually all Mesozoic mammals were smaller than 10 pounds and rapidly increased in maximum body size after the K/Pg extinction. Which answer best explains why? A) because they were prey animals B) they were nocturnal C) competition with dinosaurs D) they were burrowers - CORRECT ANSWER C) Competition with Dinosaurs" "Molecular divergence dating using the DNA of modern mammals suggests that modern groups arose long before the K/Pg extinction. What does the fossil evidence indicate? A) fossil evidence is in agreement with molecular data B) fossils suggest a post-extinction radiation C) fossils suggest a gradual origination before and after the extinction D) mammal evolution did not seem to be affected by the extinction - CORRECT ANSWER B) Fossils suggest a post-extinction radiation or C) Fossils suggest a gradual origination before and after the extinction?" "Which was the only group of marine amniotes that survived the K/Pg extinction? A) sharks B) lungfish C) marine crocodiles D) sea turtles - CORRECT ANSWER D) Sea turtles" "Fossil penguins become diverse in the early-middle Paleocene, suggesting the possibility that they evolved before the K/Pg extinction. Which of the following would be the best place to look for Cretaceous penguins? A) Japan B) British Columbia C) South Africa D) Egypt - CORRECT ANSWER C) South Africa" "The Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum was a short term 8°C increase in temperatures. What is the probable cause behind it? A) livestock flatulence B) Milankovitch cycles C) sea level rise D) release of methane from the seafloor - CORRECT ANSWER D) Release of methane from the seafloor" "Which of the following were the earliest large bodied (gigantic) mammals? A) baleen whales B) horses C) rhinos D) uintatheres - CORRECT ANSWER D) Uintatheres" "Where were the oldest fossil whales (e.g. with four legs) discovered? A) New Zealand B) Western Europe C) Indo-Pakistan D) Australia - CORRECT ANSWER C) Indo-Pakistan" "The setup of the circum-Antarctic current caused a significant cooling event to occur. When did this happen? A) Middle Eocene (45 Ma) B) Late Eocene (35 Ma) C) Early Oligocene (30 Ma) D) Late Oligocene (25 Ma) - CORRECT ANSWER B) Late Eocene (35 Ma)" "What effect did the changed circulation patterns and increased primary productivity have upon whale (e.g. whales & dolphins) evolution? A) whales became smaller B) whales became larger C) whales adapted to marine environments D) whales evolved baleen and echolocation - CORRECT ANSWER D) Whales evolved baleen and echolocation" "During what epoch did many mammals adapt to grazing by developing longer teeth more resistant to wear? A) Oligocene B) Miocene C) Pliocene E) Pleistocene - CORRECT ANSWER B) Miocene" "What environmental change drove the widespread adaptation of mammals to grazing (from a browsing ecology)? A) expansion of grasslands B) expansion of swamps C) expansion of broadleaf forests D) expansion of tundra - CORRECT ANSWER A) Expansion of grasslands" "During what epoch did the Panamanian isthmus become uplifted, closing the Central American Seaway? A) Oligocene B) Miocene C) Pliocene E) Pleistocene - CORRECT ANSWER C) Pliocene" "What was unusual about many Miocene groups of dolphins? A) they could not echolocate B) they were gigantic C) they had unusually long snouts D) they ate kelp - CORRECT ANSWER C) They had unusually long snouts" "Which of the following is an animal commonly seen in the south that is a modern holdover of the Great American Interchange, originating in South America? A) wild boars B) American alligator C) llama D) armadillo - CORRECT ANSWER D) Armadillo" “Three types of sedimentary rocks - CORRECT ANSWER Clastic, chemical/inorganic, organic" "Clastic - CORRECT ANSWER sedimentary rocks that form from the broken fragments of other rocks" "Inorganic - CORRECT ANSWER originate as dissolved minerals that precipitate out of water due non- biological processes" "Organic - CORRECT ANSWER composed of skeletal and other remains of organisms." "Which rocks are considered clastic sedimentary rocks? - CORRECT ANSWER Shale, siltstone, conglomerate, sandstone" "Which rocks are considered organic rocks? - CORRECT ANSWER Coal, limestone" "Which rocks are considered inorganic/chemical rocks? - CORRECT ANSWER Gypsum, halite" "Conglomerate - CORRECT ANSWER large grains, pebbles, from gravel, forms in high energy environments; alluvial fans, mountains - clastic" "Sandstone - CORRECT ANSWER grainy, small, from sand, forms in high energy environments; sand dunes, beach, deserts - clastic" "Siltstone - CORRECT ANSWER smooth, small grains, from silt, forms in low energy environments; marshes and deep ocean - clastic" "Shale - CORRECT ANSWER smooth, dark/gray, from clay, forms in low energy environment; marshes and deep ocean - clastic" "Limestone - CORRECT ANSWER organic sedimentary rock made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) Many limestones form in the deep ocean - MAJORITY form in shallow warm marine waters where coral reefs are present" "Fossiliferous limestone - CORRECT ANSWER made from dead sea creatures, shellfish, and coral, mud; nearshore or shallow waters - clastic" "Coquina - CORRECT ANSWER made from shells, marine fossils, high energy environment; low tide beaches - clastic" "Chalk - CORRECT ANSWER white, chalky, small grain size, low energy environment; deep ocean, offshore - organic" "Fossiliferous shale - CORRECT ANSWER low energy environments; swamp; plant fossils - clastic" "Peat, coal - CORRECT ANSWER coal originated as peat which formed in swamps on low-lying ground in deltas, alluvial plains and coastal areas - organic" "Asymmetrical vs Symmetrical Ripples - CORRECT ANSWER Asymmetrical Ripples form in beaches Symmetrical Ripples Form in beach, estuary/marsh (from tide) - Symmetrical ripple marks often indicate a shoreline (lake or ocean) depositional environment because of the back and forth motion of the waves on the grains" "High energy environments - CORRECT ANSWER rivers, beaches, alluvial fans" "Low energy environments - CORRECT ANSWER offshore, deep ocean" "graded bedding - CORRECT ANSWER Caused by changes in flow velocity during a debris flow, which is usually a mix of-mud, sand, gravel, and often boulders and woody debris. Graded bedding is a high energy event - flash flood carries all size rocks, water is not murky As the flow goes down a steep slope it picks up sediments of various grain sizes. VARIOUS sizes = Poorly sorted" "Striations - CORRECT ANSWER A series of long, straight, parallel lines or grooves scratched onto a bedrock surface by rock fragments lodged in the base of a moving glacier. Tell us about past climate Formed overtime as the glacier moves over rock and sediment leaving these marks that reveal the flow direction" "What is the top surface of a block diagram called? - CORRECT ANSWER map view" "At convergent plate boundaries, tectonic plates come together, such as at continental collision zones and - CORRECT ANSWER subduction zones" "Convergent plate boundaries are the result of BLANK forces. - CORRECT ANSWER compression" "Name an example of a convergent plate boundary - CORRECT ANSWER Pacific Ring of Fire" "convergent plate boundary - CORRECT ANSWER A tectonic plate boundary where two plates collide, come together, or crash into each other." "What type of plate motion occurs at divergent plate boundaries - CORRECT ANSWER 2 plates move away from each other" "Divergent plate boundaries are the result of BLANK forces - CORRECT ANSWER Tension" "Give an example of a divergent plate boundary - CORRECT ANSWER Mid-Atlantic Ridge" "What types of faults would be associated with convergent plate boundaries? - CORRECT ANSWER Reverse faults" "Strike and dip - CORRECT ANSWER Strike is the orientation of the rock layers in a compass direction Dip: if a rock layer is dipping down into the ground and we were to measure the max angle that the layer deviated from horizontal, that is a dip" "Vertical bedding - CORRECT ANSWER Straight lines cutting across valley topography" "Overturned bedding - CORRECT ANSWER In areas with extensive thrust faulting, beds are also sometimes overturned - tilted to vertical, andthen rolled over so they are somewhat upside down - in which case the strike is denoted, but the tickmark curls around to indicate that the dip was measured on an overturned bed" "3 types of faults with hanging footwalls - CORRECT ANSWER Normal fault: Hanging wall slides down Reverse Fault: Hanging wall pushed up (againest gravity) Thrust fault: shallow angle reverse fault" "3-D Block Diagram - CORRECT ANSWER " "Steno's Laws of Stratigraphy - CORRECT ANSWER The four laws are the law of superposition, law of original horizontality, law of cross-cutting relationships, and law of lateral continuity" "Law of Superposition - CORRECT ANSWER The geologic principle that states that in horizontal layers of sedimentary rock, each layer is older than the layer above it and younger than the layer below it." "Law of Original Horizontality - CORRECT ANSWER layers of sediment are originally deposited horizontally under the action of gravity" "Law of Cross-Cutting Relationships - CORRECT ANSWER principle that a fault or intrusion is younger then any other body of rock it cuts through" "Law of Lateral Continuity - CORRECT ANSWER Rock layers continue out to the side in all directions." "Igneous Symbol - CORRECT ANSWER " "Lava Flows (Basalt) Symbol - CORRECT ANSWER " "Metamorphic Symbol - CORRECT ANSWER " "Conglomerate Symbol - CORRECT ANSWER " "Sandstone Symbol - CORRECT ANSWER " "Volcanic Ash Symbol - CORRECT ANSWER " "Cross-bedded sandstone symbol - CORRECT ANSWER " "Siltstone Symbol - CORRECT ANSWER " "Evaporites Symbol - CORRECT ANSWER " "Anticline fold axis symbol - CORRECT ANSWER " "Syncline Fold Axis Symbol - CORRECT ANSWER " "Unconformity definition - CORRECT ANSWER Defined as a buried surface of erosion or non-deposition, and they represent a period with no geologic record." "3 types of unconformities - CORRECT ANSWER disconformity, angular unconformity, nonconformity" "Disconformity - CORRECT ANSWER The layers above and below the unconformity are parallel" "angular conformity - CORRECT ANSWER Layers below are at an angle to those above" "Nonconformity - CORRECT ANSWER Occurs when sedimentary rocks lay on top of igneous and metamorphic" "Principles of Cross-Cutting Relationships - CORRECT ANSWER younger features cut across older features" "What is a half life? - CORRECT ANSWER The amount of time that it takes for one-half (50%) of the atoms in the parent isotope to decay" "relative dating - CORRECT ANSWER used to find which rock is younger or older based on the layers around it" "absolute dating - CORRECT ANSWER used to tell the exact age of a rock using radioactive isotopes -- half live" "How does beak size for finches affect reproduction - CORRECT ANSWER Female finches tend to mate with males that have the same beak size" "What is adaptation? - CORRECT ANSWER An adaptation is a feature that is common in a population because it provides some improved function Adaptations can take many forms: - a behavior that allows better evasion of predators - a protein that functions better at body temperature - an anatomical feature that allows the organism to access available new resource" "On Daphne Major the two most common species of Darwin's finches are - CORRECT ANSWER Medium ground finch (Geospiza fortis) - blunt beaks, well suited for cracking small seeds Cactus Finch (G. Scandens) - pointier beaks that they use todevour the fruits and pollen of cactus" "In 1977 a La Niña-related drought wiped out the plants that produce small seeds, and most of the ground finches died. But some big-beaked birds survived because they could feed on caltrop seeds - what was the result of this - how did beak shape change? - CORRECT ANSWER Beaks evolved to be 4% bigger" "What happened when Cactus finches mated with ground finches - CORRECT ANSWER These hybrids only mate with cactus finches, because they imprinted on the songs of their cactus-finch fathers" "why is evolution predictable in the short term, but not the long term, according to the grants? - CORRECT ANSWER In the long term, evolution is unpredictable because environments change unpredictably and environment determine the directions a species will evolve and to what degree" "When is biodiversity highest? Lowest? - CORRECT ANSWER Tropical regions, areas that are warm year-round, have the most biodiversity The terrestrial biome with the lowest biodiversity is the tundra. (colder climates)" "When sea level rises what happens to continental crust? - CORRECT ANSWER Parts of the continental crust are submerged under water" "What feature is associated with convergent plate boundaries - CORRECT ANSWER Trenches and mountains" "How would you describe the bones in the fin of a ray-finned fish? - CORRECT ANSWER LOTS OF LONG THIN BONES IN A FAN SHAPE" "Identify the rock samples that would have formed in this depositional environment during the Devonian. - CORRECT ANSWER fossiliferous shale and coal" "Which is the ancestor of Tiktaalik? - CORRECT ANSWER LOBE-FINNED FISH" "What four types of bones do you see in the fin/limb of both Tiktaalik and its ancestor? - CORRECT ANSWER Humerus, radius, ulna and wrist bones" "How would the adaptations of the fin of Tiktaalik allow it to take advantage of land environments like wetlands (where there is shallow water but also land)? - CORRECT ANSWER It has webbed feet" "During the carboniferous period - What was the climate like on this large land mass at this time? - CORRECT ANSWER SWAMPY, WARM AND WET" "How would the climate and environment on land in the Carboniferous be advantageous to amphibians? - CORRECT ANSWER The warmth and moisture helps keep animals alive by keeping food resources accessible" "What do the "distal elements" (black bones) in Tiktaalik eventually become in Acanthostega and the salamander - CORRECT ANSWER Fingers" "What changes do you see to the size and length of the radius (brown) and ulna (green) between Tiktaalik, Acanthostega, and the salamander? - CORRECT ANSWER The width became less wide and the size is overall smaller" "Compare the following physical features of Acanthostega and Seymouria: head, legs/fins and tail - CORRECT ANSWER Acanthostega: among the first vertebrate animals to have recognizable limbs, snyapsid skull, earliest tetrapod to show a shift in dominance from the pectoral girdle to the pelvic girldle. lacked wrists, had webbed feet, long feather like tail for s