ACS BIOCHEMISTRY EXAM questions with verified
answers
2-carboxyarabinitol 1-phosphate Ans✓✓✓ inhibits carbamoylated rubisco.
Synthesized in the dark and is broken down by rubisco activase or light.
A-form DNA Ans✓✓✓ Condensed form of DNA. Deeper major groove and
shallower minor groove.
ACC (acetyl-CoA carboxylase) Regulation Ans✓✓✓ Inhibited by PKA in glucagon
chain and activated by pjhosphatase in INSR chain.
Additional Cost of FAS in Eukaryotes Ans✓✓✓ Acetyl-CoA for lipid synthesis is
made in mitochondria and must be transferred into the cytosol via citrate
transporter. Costs 2 ATP.
Affinity Chromatography Ans✓✓✓ Attach a ligand that binds a protein to a bead.
Elute with harsh chemicals or similar ligand.
AKAP Ans✓✓✓ Anchoring protein that binds to PKA, GPCR, and adenylyl cyclase.
Amidotransferase Ans✓✓✓ Uses a PLP group to transfer amino group from an
amino acid to α-ketoglutarate to form L-glutamate and an α-ketoglutarate.
Ammonia (NH4+) Transportation Ans✓✓✓ L-glutamate is converted to L-
glutamine via glutamine synthetase.
ATP + NH4+ --> ADP + Pi
,L-glutamine can be converted back to L-glutamate in the liver.
Amylopectin Ans✓✓✓ Has α-1,4-linkages. Has periodic α-1,6-linkages that cause
branching. Branched every 24-30 residues. Has reducing and non-reducing end.
Amylose Chain Ans✓✓✓ Has α-1,4-linkages that produce a coiled helix similar to
an α-helix. Has a reducing and non-reducing end.
Anaerobic Ammonia Oxidation (Anammox) Ans✓✓✓ Ability of some bacteria to
oxidize NH4+ and NO2- into N2. "Short-circuits" the nitrogen cycle.
Anomeric Carbon Ans✓✓✓ Carbon that is cyclized. Always the same as the aldo
or keto carbon in the linear form.
Anti-parallel ß-sheet Ans✓✓✓ Alternating sheet directions (C & N-termini don't
line-up). Has straight H-bonds.
ATP Consuming Steps of Glycolysis Ans✓✓✓ Step 1 and 3.
Glucose --> Glucose 6-phosphate
Fructose 6-phosphate --> Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
ATP Producing Steps of Glycolysis Ans✓✓✓ Steps 7 and 10.
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate <--> 3-phosphoglycerate
PEP --> Pyruvate
,B-form DNA Ans✓✓✓ Watson-Crick model DNA. Deep, wide major groove.
Bacteriorhodopsin Ans✓✓✓ Type III integral membrane protein with 7
connected helices.
Binding Cooperativity Ans✓✓✓ When one subunit of hemoglobin changes from T
to R-state the other sites are more likely to change to R-state as well. Leads to
sigmoidal graph.
Biotin Function Ans✓✓✓ Prosthetic group that serves as a CO2 carrier to
separate active sites on an enzyme
Biotin Structure Ans✓✓✓
BPG (2,3-bisphosphoglycerate) Ans✓✓✓ Greatly reduces hemoglobin's affinity
for O2 by binding allosterically. Stabilizes T-state. Transfer of O2 can improve
because increased delivery in tissues can outweigh decreased binding in the
lungs.
Bypass Reactions in Gluconeogenesis Ans✓✓✓ Steps 1,3, and 10 must be
bypassed.
C4 Plants Ans✓✓✓ Fix CO2 into PEP to form oxaloacetate (via PEP carboxykinase)
that is then converted to malate that carries CO2 to rubisco. Bypasses O2 binding.
CAM plants Ans✓✓✓ Fix CO2 into PEP to form oxaloacetate (via PEP
carboxykinase) that is converted to malate at night and stored until the day time.
, cAMP Ans✓✓✓ Secondary messenger in GPCR signalling. Formed from ATP by
adenylyl cyclase. Activates PKA (protein kinase A).
Cardiolipin Ans✓✓✓ "Lipid staple" that ties two proteins (or complexes) together
in a membrane. Formed from two phosphoglycerols.
Cellulose Ans✓✓✓ Comes from plants. Poly D-glucose. Formed from ß-1,4-
linkage. Form sheets due to equatorial -OH groups that H-bond with other chains.
Chargaff's Rule Ans✓✓✓ Ratio of A:T and G:C are always equal or close to 1
Chitin Ans✓✓✓ Homopolymer of N-acetyl-ß-D-glucosamine. Have ß-1,4-linkages.
Found in lobsters, squid beaks, beetle shells, etc.
Cholesterol Synthesis Ans✓✓✓ Synthesized from 15 acetyl-CoA through a
number of intermediates.
Chymotripsin Ans✓✓✓ Cleaves proteins on C-terminal endof Phe, Trp, and Tyr
Circular Dichroism Ans✓✓✓ Uses UV light to measure 2° structure. Can be used
to measure destabilization.
CO2 binding in Hemoglobin Ans✓✓✓ Forms carbonic acid that shifts hemoglobin
to T-state. O2 binding affinity decreases. Used in the peripheral tissues.
answers
2-carboxyarabinitol 1-phosphate Ans✓✓✓ inhibits carbamoylated rubisco.
Synthesized in the dark and is broken down by rubisco activase or light.
A-form DNA Ans✓✓✓ Condensed form of DNA. Deeper major groove and
shallower minor groove.
ACC (acetyl-CoA carboxylase) Regulation Ans✓✓✓ Inhibited by PKA in glucagon
chain and activated by pjhosphatase in INSR chain.
Additional Cost of FAS in Eukaryotes Ans✓✓✓ Acetyl-CoA for lipid synthesis is
made in mitochondria and must be transferred into the cytosol via citrate
transporter. Costs 2 ATP.
Affinity Chromatography Ans✓✓✓ Attach a ligand that binds a protein to a bead.
Elute with harsh chemicals or similar ligand.
AKAP Ans✓✓✓ Anchoring protein that binds to PKA, GPCR, and adenylyl cyclase.
Amidotransferase Ans✓✓✓ Uses a PLP group to transfer amino group from an
amino acid to α-ketoglutarate to form L-glutamate and an α-ketoglutarate.
Ammonia (NH4+) Transportation Ans✓✓✓ L-glutamate is converted to L-
glutamine via glutamine synthetase.
ATP + NH4+ --> ADP + Pi
,L-glutamine can be converted back to L-glutamate in the liver.
Amylopectin Ans✓✓✓ Has α-1,4-linkages. Has periodic α-1,6-linkages that cause
branching. Branched every 24-30 residues. Has reducing and non-reducing end.
Amylose Chain Ans✓✓✓ Has α-1,4-linkages that produce a coiled helix similar to
an α-helix. Has a reducing and non-reducing end.
Anaerobic Ammonia Oxidation (Anammox) Ans✓✓✓ Ability of some bacteria to
oxidize NH4+ and NO2- into N2. "Short-circuits" the nitrogen cycle.
Anomeric Carbon Ans✓✓✓ Carbon that is cyclized. Always the same as the aldo
or keto carbon in the linear form.
Anti-parallel ß-sheet Ans✓✓✓ Alternating sheet directions (C & N-termini don't
line-up). Has straight H-bonds.
ATP Consuming Steps of Glycolysis Ans✓✓✓ Step 1 and 3.
Glucose --> Glucose 6-phosphate
Fructose 6-phosphate --> Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
ATP Producing Steps of Glycolysis Ans✓✓✓ Steps 7 and 10.
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate <--> 3-phosphoglycerate
PEP --> Pyruvate
,B-form DNA Ans✓✓✓ Watson-Crick model DNA. Deep, wide major groove.
Bacteriorhodopsin Ans✓✓✓ Type III integral membrane protein with 7
connected helices.
Binding Cooperativity Ans✓✓✓ When one subunit of hemoglobin changes from T
to R-state the other sites are more likely to change to R-state as well. Leads to
sigmoidal graph.
Biotin Function Ans✓✓✓ Prosthetic group that serves as a CO2 carrier to
separate active sites on an enzyme
Biotin Structure Ans✓✓✓
BPG (2,3-bisphosphoglycerate) Ans✓✓✓ Greatly reduces hemoglobin's affinity
for O2 by binding allosterically. Stabilizes T-state. Transfer of O2 can improve
because increased delivery in tissues can outweigh decreased binding in the
lungs.
Bypass Reactions in Gluconeogenesis Ans✓✓✓ Steps 1,3, and 10 must be
bypassed.
C4 Plants Ans✓✓✓ Fix CO2 into PEP to form oxaloacetate (via PEP carboxykinase)
that is then converted to malate that carries CO2 to rubisco. Bypasses O2 binding.
CAM plants Ans✓✓✓ Fix CO2 into PEP to form oxaloacetate (via PEP
carboxykinase) that is converted to malate at night and stored until the day time.
, cAMP Ans✓✓✓ Secondary messenger in GPCR signalling. Formed from ATP by
adenylyl cyclase. Activates PKA (protein kinase A).
Cardiolipin Ans✓✓✓ "Lipid staple" that ties two proteins (or complexes) together
in a membrane. Formed from two phosphoglycerols.
Cellulose Ans✓✓✓ Comes from plants. Poly D-glucose. Formed from ß-1,4-
linkage. Form sheets due to equatorial -OH groups that H-bond with other chains.
Chargaff's Rule Ans✓✓✓ Ratio of A:T and G:C are always equal or close to 1
Chitin Ans✓✓✓ Homopolymer of N-acetyl-ß-D-glucosamine. Have ß-1,4-linkages.
Found in lobsters, squid beaks, beetle shells, etc.
Cholesterol Synthesis Ans✓✓✓ Synthesized from 15 acetyl-CoA through a
number of intermediates.
Chymotripsin Ans✓✓✓ Cleaves proteins on C-terminal endof Phe, Trp, and Tyr
Circular Dichroism Ans✓✓✓ Uses UV light to measure 2° structure. Can be used
to measure destabilization.
CO2 binding in Hemoglobin Ans✓✓✓ Forms carbonic acid that shifts hemoglobin
to T-state. O2 binding affinity decreases. Used in the peripheral tissues.
