TAMU Biology 112 Lab 2 Practice Test Questions And Answers 100% Pass.

Taxonomy - correct answer The science of classifying organisms- grouping species together based on similarities and differences (subjective!) What are 4 unifying theories of biology? - correct answer Cell theory, gene theory, theory of inheritance, theory of evolution What is the theory of evolution? - correct answer Unique genotypes may result in survival advantage; more offspring=greater contribution to next generation What are the fundamental concepts of the theory of evolution? - correct answer 1. Species change over time 2. Species are related through descent from a common ancestor 3. Biological change is driven by observable forces What is the evidence of evolution? - correct answer 1. The fossil record 2. Homology 3. Biogeography 4. Vestigial traits 5. Developmental structures. 6. Molecular genetics 7. Observation of evolutionary change in a species Example of direct observation - correct answer Theres many different type of dogs but they're all within the same species (same for corn, same for Darwin's finches) Homologous vs analogous - correct answer Homologous = same structure, different function Analogous = same function, different structure What is fossil record? - correct answer When an ancient animal and a modern animal have similar traits even thought they may act different Who created the binomial naming system and how does it work? - correct answer Linnaeus Organism's genus + species Why does biogeography matter for evidence of evolution? - correct answer Animals on islands (or a geographically isolated place) have a more restricted gene pool than those on the mainland with more genetically diverse populations What is vestigial evidence of evolution? - correct answer Homologous structures that are present in an organism but are no longer used (like the appendix & wisdom teeth) What are molecular genetics and developmental similarities? - correct answer Similar developmental characteristics that are thought to indicate that organisms share a common ancestry What is systematics? - correct answer The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms Systematics use phylogenies- what are there? - correct answer Models that show evolutionary history based on common ancestry What is cladistics? - correct answer Classifying species into hierarchical groups based on shared, derived character states Parsimony - correct answer Adoption of the simplest assumption in the formulation of a theory or in the interpretation of data (simplest is best) How are cladograms constructed? - correct answer By comparing groups of organisms (ingroup) to an outgroup (the ancestor doesn't count as one) What is the outgroup? - correct answer a closely related group that doesn't belong to your ingroup. Used for comparison What is the ingroup? - correct answer The group of taxa currently being studied Synapomorphy - correct answer Shared derived characteristic; indicate evolutionary relationships Autapomorphy - correct answer Unique, derived characteristics; used to distinguish taxa as separate entities What are ancestral character states called? - correct answer Plesiomorphies What is a character? - correct answer An observable trait of an organism that has different states What is parsimony? - correct answer A principle that recommends that, when faced with multiple hypotheses (that are otherwise equal in how reasonable they are) select the one that makes the fewest assumptions, as this is most probable Plesiomorphy - correct answer Ancestral condition Apomorphy - correct answer Derived character not present in ancestor. Homologous the the ancestral character What is autapomorphy (a part of apomorphy?) - correct answer A derived character unique to a taxon What is synapomorphy (a part of apomorphy?) - correct answer A derived character shared by a set of taxa Monophyletic - correct answer An ancestor and ALL of its descendants Paraphyletic - correct answer An ancestor and SOME but not ALL of its descendants Polyphyletic - correct answer More than ONE direct ancestor, but missing the common ancestor Subspecies - correct answer A distant population of a species. -Still the same species Ex: Wildcat african cat vs domesticated car How did Linnaeus create his hierarchal classification system? - correct answer He grouped the organisms together based on characteristics he felt were important for the organism to survive. Linnaeus's hierarchical classification system is nested: - correct answer groups of lower taxa form higher taxa -all species in any taxon share common features -Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species