CLINICAL CHEMISTRY AMT QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS 2025

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY AMT QUESTIONS
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS 2025
INTRAvascularBCompartment:B-BCORRECTBANSWERB-
consistsBofBbodyBfluidsBcontainedBwithinBbloodBandBlymphBvessels.



EXTRAvascularBCompartment:B-BCORRECTBANSWERB-
consistsBofBbodyBfluidsBcontainedBOUTSIDEBofBtheBbloodBandBlymphBvessels,B



i.e.BinBbodyBtissues/organs.BIncludesBintracellularB(withinBtissueBcells)BandBextracellularB(outsideBo
fBcells,BinBinterstitialBspaces)Bwater.



ElectrolytesBplayBaBsignificantBroleBinB-BCORRECTBANSWERB-
theBosmoticBpressureBdifferencesBinBtheBbodyB(alongBwithBproteins)



B inBsustainingBlifeBbyBtransmittingBelectrochemicalBimpulsesBinBnervesBandBmuscles



FUNCTIONSBofBELECTROLYTESB-BCORRECTBANSWERB-RegulationBofBwaterBdistribution



ContributesBtoBosmoticBpressure



NerveBtransmissionBtoBmuscles



CellBpermeabilityB(passageBofBsolutesBandBsolventsBinto/outBofBcells)



Oxidation-reductionBreactions



MaintenanceBofBbloodBpH

,ELECTROLYTEBIMBALANCEB-BCORRECTBANSWERB-ABlife-threateningBsituation



CanBbeBcausedBby-
BexcessiveBvomiting,Burination,Bsweating,Bdiarrhea,BbleedingBandBexudationB(fromBburns)




MAJORBELECTROLYTESB-BCORRECTBANSWERB-
SodiumBisBtheBmajorBcationBinBPLASMABandBinterstitialBfluids




PotassiumBisBtheBmajorBcationBinBINTRACELLULARBfluids



OSMOSISB-BCORRECTBANSWERB-TheBmovementBofBwaterBthroughBaBsemi-
permeableBmembraneBfromBaB



HIGHER-concentrationBsolutionBtoBaB



LOWER-concentrationBsolutionB(untilBhomeostasisBisBreached)




TheBphysicalBforceBexertedBbyBthisBmovementBisBcalledBtheBOSMOTICBPRESSURE



ANIONBGAPB-BCORRECTBANSWERB-ANIONBGAPB=B[Na+B+BK+]B-B[Cl-B+BHCO3-]




Thus,BtheBanionBgapBrepresentsBtheBdifferenceBbetweenBtheBUNmeasuredBanionsBandBtheBUNmea
suredBcations

,HIGHBANIONBGAPB-BCORRECTBANSWERB-HighBAGBseenBinBsuchBdiseasesBas-



diabetesB(uncontrolled)-BdueBtoBtheBformationBofBketoacids,BandBsubsequentBdecreaseBinBHCO3-



LacticBacidosis



ketoacidosis



ElevatedBlevelsBofBacidsB(H+)BcausesBaBconcomitantBdecreaseBinBHCO3-
B(bicarbonateBbuffer),BcausingBtheBAGBtoBincrease.




LOWBANIONBGAPB-BCORRECTBANSWERB-SeenBinBmultipleBmyeloma



otherBusesBforBanionBgapB-BCORRECTBANSWERB-CanBbeBusedBasBaBqualityBcontrolBfunction



SODIUMB-BCORRECTBANSWERB-MajorBcationB(+)BinBextracellularBfluid



SodiumBingestionBcausesBaBtemporaryBincreaseBinBextracellularBfluidBvolume-
BbecauseBwaterBfollowsBtheBsodiumBintoBtissues.




RENALBREGULATIONBofBSODIUMB-BCORRECTBANSWERB-
MainlyBcontrolledBbyBtheBhormoneBALDOSTERONE



secretedBbyBtheBadrenalBcortex



aBmineralocorticoidBhormone

, ALDOSTERONEB-BCORRECTBANSWERB-
StimulatesBNa+BreabsorptionBinBkidneysB(increasingBbloodBvolumeBandBBP)



StimulatesBK+Bsecretion/eliminationBinBkidneys



DecreasedBBPBandBbloodBvolumeBstimulateBaldosteroneBsecretion



ATRIALBNATRIURETICBPEPTIDEB(ANP)B-BCORRECTBANSWERB-secretedBbyBtheBheart



RegulatesBBP



FUNCTIONSBOFBSODIUMB-BCORRECTBANSWERB-
NerveBimpulseBtransmissionB(responsibleBforBcreatingBtheBrestingBmembraneBpotentialBviaBtheBNa
+/K+Bpump)



MaintainingBosmoticBpressureBinBextracellularBfluid



FacilitatingBmuscleBcontractionB(esp.BcardiacBmuscle)



MaintainingBacid-baseBbalanceB(Na+/H+BexchangeBinBrenalBtubules)



MaintainingBbloodBviscosityB(viaBwaterBexcretion/absorption)



HypernatremiaB-BCORRECTBANSWERB-increasedBsodiumBlevelsB(rare)