AGACNP NU 621 Advanced Pathophysiology
Midterms Exam (Qns & Ans)
2025
1. Multiple Choice
Question:
Which of the following cellular processes is most indicative of
irreversible cell injury?
A. Upregulation of mitochondrial ATP synthesis
B. Lipid peroxidation of cellular membranes
C. Increased activity of antioxidant enzymes
D. Enhanced protein synthesis for repair
Correct ANS:
B
©2025
, Rationale:
Lipid peroxidation results from free radical damage,
compromising membrane integrity and leading to irreversible cell
injury—a fundamental mechanism in advanced pathophysiology.
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2. Fill-in-the-Blank
Question:
When misfolded proteins accumulate in the endoplasmic
reticulum, the cell triggers the __________ pathway to restore
normal function.
Correct ANS:
unfolded protein response (UPR)
Rationale:
The unfolded protein response is essential for managing ER stress
by enhancing protein-folding capacity and, if stress is
overwhelming, initiating apoptosis.
©2025
,---
3. True/False
Question:
True or False: Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that
generally does not elicit an inflammatory response.
Correct ANS:
True
Rationale:
Apoptosis is a controlled process that avoids releasing
intracellular contents into the extracellular space, thereby
minimizing the inflammatory response.
---
4. Multiple Response
Question:
Which of the following cytokines are primarily involved in
driving the acute inflammatory response? (Select all that apply)
A. Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
©2025
, B. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)
C. Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
D. Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
Correct ANSs:
A, B, D
Rationale:
IL-1, TNF-α, and IL-6 are key pro-inflammatory cytokines that
orchestrate the acute phase response. IL-10, on the other hand, is
anti-inflammatory.
---
5. Multiple Choice
Question:
In a patient with chronic myocardial ischemia, the development of
left ventricular hypertrophy is largely mediated by which
intracellular signaling pathway?
A. JAK/STAT pathway
B. PI3K/Akt pathway
C. MAPK/ERK pathway
©2025
Midterms Exam (Qns & Ans)
2025
1. Multiple Choice
Question:
Which of the following cellular processes is most indicative of
irreversible cell injury?
A. Upregulation of mitochondrial ATP synthesis
B. Lipid peroxidation of cellular membranes
C. Increased activity of antioxidant enzymes
D. Enhanced protein synthesis for repair
Correct ANS:
B
©2025
, Rationale:
Lipid peroxidation results from free radical damage,
compromising membrane integrity and leading to irreversible cell
injury—a fundamental mechanism in advanced pathophysiology.
---
2. Fill-in-the-Blank
Question:
When misfolded proteins accumulate in the endoplasmic
reticulum, the cell triggers the __________ pathway to restore
normal function.
Correct ANS:
unfolded protein response (UPR)
Rationale:
The unfolded protein response is essential for managing ER stress
by enhancing protein-folding capacity and, if stress is
overwhelming, initiating apoptosis.
©2025
,---
3. True/False
Question:
True or False: Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that
generally does not elicit an inflammatory response.
Correct ANS:
True
Rationale:
Apoptosis is a controlled process that avoids releasing
intracellular contents into the extracellular space, thereby
minimizing the inflammatory response.
---
4. Multiple Response
Question:
Which of the following cytokines are primarily involved in
driving the acute inflammatory response? (Select all that apply)
A. Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
©2025
, B. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)
C. Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
D. Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
Correct ANSs:
A, B, D
Rationale:
IL-1, TNF-α, and IL-6 are key pro-inflammatory cytokines that
orchestrate the acute phase response. IL-10, on the other hand, is
anti-inflammatory.
---
5. Multiple Choice
Question:
In a patient with chronic myocardial ischemia, the development of
left ventricular hypertrophy is largely mediated by which
intracellular signaling pathway?
A. JAK/STAT pathway
B. PI3K/Akt pathway
C. MAPK/ERK pathway
©2025
