BIOLOGY STAAR CHEAT SHEET
REVIEW EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Protein Synthesis - Correct Answers -Making a protein from amino acids; Uses RNA =
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA; occurs in two steps = transcription and translation
mRNA - Correct Answers -Messenger
tRNA - Correct Answers -Transport
rRNA - Correct Answers -Ribosomal
Transcription - Correct Answers -- DNA to mRNA - Location: Nucleus - Enzymes in the
nucleus unwind the DNA and a gene is read on the DNA. The gene codes for a strand
of mRNA that leaves the nucleus & takes the instructions to build a protein to a
ribosome. - DNA → mRNA = A → U T → A C → G
Translation - Correct Answers -- mRNA to amino acid sequence (Protein) - Location:
Ribosome - Codons (3 nucleotides) on the mRNA are matched with an amino acid
carrying tRNA at the ribosome. The ribosome binds the amino acids together to form a
polypeptide, the chain folds and becomes a functioning protein.
Codon Chart - Correct Answers -When the process of translation is complete, the codon
chart below is used to determine the correct amino acid for each codon.
DNA - Correct Answers -Deoxyribonucleic Acid; - Blueprint for all traits of living
organisms- Found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells- Held in chromosomes
DNA Building block - Correct Answers –nucleotide
domain eukarya - Correct Answers -Domain of all organisms whose cells have nuclei,
including protists, plants, fungi, and animals
domain bacteria - Correct Answers -One of the three domains of life; contains
prokaryotic cells that differ from archaea because they have their own unique genetic,
biochemical, and physiological characteristics.
, domain archaea - Correct Answers -Any of various single-celled prokaryotes genetically
distinct from bacteria, often thriving in extreme environmental conditions
kingdom animalia - Correct Answers -a kingdom a of multicellular, eukaryotic organisms
that are free-moving, and lack cell walls; classified under Domain Eukarya
Three parts of a nucleotide - Correct Answers -1. Phosphate2. Sugar 3. Nitrogenous
Base (A T C & G);The order of the bases determine the traits of the organisms.
Protein - Correct Answers -function =Structure; examples= Meat, eggs
Carbohydrate - Correct Answers -function = Fast Energy; examples = Fruit, bread,
pasta, rice
Lipid Energy - Correct Answers -function =Storage; examples = Fats, oils, butter, milk
Nucleic Acid - Correct Answers -function = Genetic Material; examples =DNA, RNA
Cell Transport - Correct Answers -The movement of materials across the cell
membrane, which controls what enters and leaves the cell. This movement will occur
until the cell reaches equilibrium or homeostasis.
Types of Transport - Correct Answers -passive transport and active transport
Passive Transport - Correct Answers -No energy required, moves from high to low
concentration
Diffusion - Correct Answers -type of passive transport; Movement of molecules H → L
Facilitated Diffusion - Correct Answers -type of passive transport; Movement of
molecules through a protein
Osmosis - Correct Answers -type of passive transport; Movement of water
Hypertonic - Correct Answers -type of osmosis; high solutes, low water; water leaves
the cell & shrivels
Hypotonic - Correct Answers -type of osmosis; low solutes, high water; water enters the
cell & swells
Isotonic - Correct Answers -type of osmosis; equal amounts of solutes and water; water
is balanced
Active Transport - Correct Answers -Requires energy, moves from low to high
concentration
REVIEW EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Protein Synthesis - Correct Answers -Making a protein from amino acids; Uses RNA =
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA; occurs in two steps = transcription and translation
mRNA - Correct Answers -Messenger
tRNA - Correct Answers -Transport
rRNA - Correct Answers -Ribosomal
Transcription - Correct Answers -- DNA to mRNA - Location: Nucleus - Enzymes in the
nucleus unwind the DNA and a gene is read on the DNA. The gene codes for a strand
of mRNA that leaves the nucleus & takes the instructions to build a protein to a
ribosome. - DNA → mRNA = A → U T → A C → G
Translation - Correct Answers -- mRNA to amino acid sequence (Protein) - Location:
Ribosome - Codons (3 nucleotides) on the mRNA are matched with an amino acid
carrying tRNA at the ribosome. The ribosome binds the amino acids together to form a
polypeptide, the chain folds and becomes a functioning protein.
Codon Chart - Correct Answers -When the process of translation is complete, the codon
chart below is used to determine the correct amino acid for each codon.
DNA - Correct Answers -Deoxyribonucleic Acid; - Blueprint for all traits of living
organisms- Found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells- Held in chromosomes
DNA Building block - Correct Answers –nucleotide
domain eukarya - Correct Answers -Domain of all organisms whose cells have nuclei,
including protists, plants, fungi, and animals
domain bacteria - Correct Answers -One of the three domains of life; contains
prokaryotic cells that differ from archaea because they have their own unique genetic,
biochemical, and physiological characteristics.
, domain archaea - Correct Answers -Any of various single-celled prokaryotes genetically
distinct from bacteria, often thriving in extreme environmental conditions
kingdom animalia - Correct Answers -a kingdom a of multicellular, eukaryotic organisms
that are free-moving, and lack cell walls; classified under Domain Eukarya
Three parts of a nucleotide - Correct Answers -1. Phosphate2. Sugar 3. Nitrogenous
Base (A T C & G);The order of the bases determine the traits of the organisms.
Protein - Correct Answers -function =Structure; examples= Meat, eggs
Carbohydrate - Correct Answers -function = Fast Energy; examples = Fruit, bread,
pasta, rice
Lipid Energy - Correct Answers -function =Storage; examples = Fats, oils, butter, milk
Nucleic Acid - Correct Answers -function = Genetic Material; examples =DNA, RNA
Cell Transport - Correct Answers -The movement of materials across the cell
membrane, which controls what enters and leaves the cell. This movement will occur
until the cell reaches equilibrium or homeostasis.
Types of Transport - Correct Answers -passive transport and active transport
Passive Transport - Correct Answers -No energy required, moves from high to low
concentration
Diffusion - Correct Answers -type of passive transport; Movement of molecules H → L
Facilitated Diffusion - Correct Answers -type of passive transport; Movement of
molecules through a protein
Osmosis - Correct Answers -type of passive transport; Movement of water
Hypertonic - Correct Answers -type of osmosis; high solutes, low water; water leaves
the cell & shrivels
Hypotonic - Correct Answers -type of osmosis; low solutes, high water; water enters the
cell & swells
Isotonic - Correct Answers -type of osmosis; equal amounts of solutes and water; water
is balanced
Active Transport - Correct Answers -Requires energy, moves from low to high
concentration
