Pharmacoeconomics Midterm Exam with
Complete Solutions
- For example, randomized, controlled trials for medications to treat stomach ulcers may
include endoscopy procedures at various intervals to determine the healing rate of the
ulcers.
-In everyday practice, physicians commonly rely on patients' reports of symptoms (or
lack of symptoms) to determine the effectiveness of the medication. - ANSWER-
Protocol-driven
- A relatively available and often used method of estimating hospital costs to the payer.
- Used to classify clinically cohesive diagnoses and procedures that use similar
resources.
Each patient is assigned one of more than 500 groups based on factors such as
principal diagnosis, specific procedures involved, secondary diagnosis, and age and the
average reimbursement for each group can be used to approximate the cost to the
payer. - ANSWER-Diagnosis related groups
- Does not incorporate time into utility score as easily
- Bias: people tend to not cluster values at extreme ends
- subjects not asked make preference choices between options
- scores consistently lower than the others
These are disadvantages of which method? - ANSWER-Rating scale
- More adaptable to different disease states
- incorporates time more easily
The above are exampled of advantages of which comparison method? - ANSWER-
Time tradeoff
- needs face to face interviewing
- more expensive
- most conditions will not reach a "normal health" level
, These are disadvantages of which method? - ANSWER-Standard gamble
- needs face to face interviewing
- more expensive
- scores sometimes lower than SG
These are disadvantages of which method? - ANSWER-Time tradeoff
-Many disease states can be described to subjects
-Many use questionnaire rather than face to face
-Subjects familiar with scaling preferences
-Less cognitively demanding
These are advantages of which comparison method? - ANSWER-Rating Scale
"True" cost of a resource, which is the value of the best-forgone option or the "next best
option" not necessarily the amount of money that changes hands - ANSWER-
Opportunity cost
A disadvantage of ____________________ is that there is no consensus on how to
measure utility weights and they are more of a "rough estimate" than a precise
measure. Some researchers consider this type of analysis as a subset of CEA. -
ANSWER-Cost utility analysis
A study of the left hand side - ANSWER-Cost analysis
A study of the right hand side - ANSWER-clinical or outcomes analysis
Advantages are
-that we can determine whether the benefits of a program or intervention exceed the
costs of implementation.
-Can compare multiple programs or interventions with similar or unrelated outcomes. -
ANSWER-Cost benefit analysis
Advantages include:
- Different types of health outcomes and disease states with multiple outcomes of
interest can be compared using one common unit like QALY.
Unlike CEA
-Incorporates morbidity and mortality into one unit without having to determine monetary
value of health outcome.
Unlike CBA - ANSWER-cost utility analysis
Complete Solutions
- For example, randomized, controlled trials for medications to treat stomach ulcers may
include endoscopy procedures at various intervals to determine the healing rate of the
ulcers.
-In everyday practice, physicians commonly rely on patients' reports of symptoms (or
lack of symptoms) to determine the effectiveness of the medication. - ANSWER-
Protocol-driven
- A relatively available and often used method of estimating hospital costs to the payer.
- Used to classify clinically cohesive diagnoses and procedures that use similar
resources.
Each patient is assigned one of more than 500 groups based on factors such as
principal diagnosis, specific procedures involved, secondary diagnosis, and age and the
average reimbursement for each group can be used to approximate the cost to the
payer. - ANSWER-Diagnosis related groups
- Does not incorporate time into utility score as easily
- Bias: people tend to not cluster values at extreme ends
- subjects not asked make preference choices between options
- scores consistently lower than the others
These are disadvantages of which method? - ANSWER-Rating scale
- More adaptable to different disease states
- incorporates time more easily
The above are exampled of advantages of which comparison method? - ANSWER-
Time tradeoff
- needs face to face interviewing
- more expensive
- most conditions will not reach a "normal health" level
, These are disadvantages of which method? - ANSWER-Standard gamble
- needs face to face interviewing
- more expensive
- scores sometimes lower than SG
These are disadvantages of which method? - ANSWER-Time tradeoff
-Many disease states can be described to subjects
-Many use questionnaire rather than face to face
-Subjects familiar with scaling preferences
-Less cognitively demanding
These are advantages of which comparison method? - ANSWER-Rating Scale
"True" cost of a resource, which is the value of the best-forgone option or the "next best
option" not necessarily the amount of money that changes hands - ANSWER-
Opportunity cost
A disadvantage of ____________________ is that there is no consensus on how to
measure utility weights and they are more of a "rough estimate" than a precise
measure. Some researchers consider this type of analysis as a subset of CEA. -
ANSWER-Cost utility analysis
A study of the left hand side - ANSWER-Cost analysis
A study of the right hand side - ANSWER-clinical or outcomes analysis
Advantages are
-that we can determine whether the benefits of a program or intervention exceed the
costs of implementation.
-Can compare multiple programs or interventions with similar or unrelated outcomes. -
ANSWER-Cost benefit analysis
Advantages include:
- Different types of health outcomes and disease states with multiple outcomes of
interest can be compared using one common unit like QALY.
Unlike CEA
-Incorporates morbidity and mortality into one unit without having to determine monetary
value of health outcome.
Unlike CBA - ANSWER-cost utility analysis
